| The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. |
Appendix I Indo-European Roots |
| ENTRY: | ar- |
| DEFINITION: | Also ar -. To fit together. Oldest form *2er1-, colored to *2ar1-, with variant *2re1-, contracted to *r -.Derivatives include army, harmony, inert, aristocracy, adorn, hatred, rite, arithmetic, and rhyme. I. Basic form *ar -. 1. Suffixed form *ar()-mo-. a. arm1, from Old English earm, arm, from Germanic *armaz; b. ambry, arm2, armada, armadillo, armature, armoire, army; alarm, disarm, gendarme, from Latin arma, tools, arms; c. armillary sphere, from Latin armus, upper arm. 2. Suffixed form *ar()-smo-. harmony, from Greek harmos, joint, shoulder. 3. Suffixed form *ar()-ti-. a. art1, artisan, artist; inert, inertia, from Latin ars (stem art-), art, skill, craft; b. further suffixed form *ar()-ti-o-. artiodactyl, from Greek artios, fitting, even. 4. Suffixed form *ar()-tu-. article, from Latin artus, joint. 5. Suffixed form *ar()-to-. coarctate, from Latin artus, tight. 6. Suffixed form *ar()-dhro-. arthro-; anarthrous, diarthrosis, dysarthria, enarthrosis, synarthrosis, from Greek arthron, joint. 7. Suffixed (superlative) form *ar()-isto-. aristocracy, from Greek aristos, best.II. Possibly suffixed lengthened o-grade form (or separate root) *  r-dh-. 1. ordain, order, ordinal, ordinance, ordinary, ordinate, ordo; coordination, inordinate, subordinate, from Latin rd, order (originally a row of threads in a loom). 2. exordium, primordial, from Latin rd r, to begin to weave. 3. ornament, ornate; adorn, suborn, from Latin rn re, to adorn.III. Variant *r - (< *re-). 1. rate1, ratio, ration, reason; arraign, from Latin rr, to consider, confirm, ratify. 2. Suffixed form *r-dh-. a. (i) read, rede; dread, from Old English r dan, to advise; (ii) hatred, kindred, from Old English rden, -rden, condition. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *rdan; b. (i) rathskeller, from Old High German rt, counsel; (ii) riddle2, from Old English rdels(e), opinion, riddle. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *rdaz. 3. Zero-grade form *r-. Germanic *radam, number, in dialectal North and West Germanic compound *hund(a)-rada- (see dek ).IV. Variant root form * 2re1i-, with zero-grades *2r1i- and (metathesized) *2ri1-, the latter contracted to *r-. 1. Suffixed metathesized zero-grade form *r-tu-. rite, from Latin rtus, rite, custom, usage. 2. Suffixed unmetathesized zero-grade form *ri-dhmo-. arithmetic, logarithm, from Greek arithmos, number, amount. 3. rhyme, from a Germanic source akin to Old High German rm, number, series. (Pokorny 1. ar- 55.) |
| The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by the Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. | |
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