| The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. |
| |
Appendix I
Indo-European Roots |
| |
| ENTRY: | upo |
| DEFINITION: | Under, up from under, over.
Derivatives include uproar, open, eavesdrop, supple, valet, vassal, and opal.
1a. up, from Old English up, uppe, up; b. up-, from Old English  p-, upp-, up; c. uproar, from Middle Low German up, up; d. aufklärung, from Old High German f, up. a–d all from Germanic *upp-, up. 2. open, from Old English open, open, from Germanic *upanaz, “put or set up,” open. 3. above, from Old English bfan, above, over, from Germanic compound *bi-ufana, “on, above” (*bi-, by, at; see ambhi). 4. Possibly suffixed form *up-t-. oft, often, from Old English oft, often, from Germanic *ufta, frequently. 5. Extended form *upes-. a. eaves, from Old English efes, eaves; b. eavesdrop, from Old English yfesdrype, water from the eaves, from Germanic *obisdrup-, dripping water from the eaves (*drup-, to drip, from *dhrub-; see dhreu-). Both a and b from Germanic *ubasw , *ubizw, vestibule, porch, eaves (< “that which is above or in front”). 6. Variant form *(s)up-. a. soutane, sub-, from Latin sub, under; b. supine; resupinate, from Latin sup nus, lying on the back (< “thrown backward or under”); c. suffixed form *sup-ter. subterfuge, from Latin subter, secretly; d. Latin compound supplex (< *sub-plak-; see pl k-1). 7. Basic form *upo. hypo-, from Greek hupo, under. 8. Suffixed variant form *ups-o-. hypso-, from Greek hupsos, height, top. 9. Basic form *upo-. Celtic *wo-, under, in compound *wo-r d- (see reidh-). 10. Probably compound *upo-st-o-. valet, varlet, vassal, from Vulgar Latin *vassus, vassal, from Celtic *wasso-, “one who stands under,” servant, young man (*sto-, standing; see st-). 11a. opal, Upanishad, from Sanskrit upa, near to, under; b. Zend-Avesta, from Avestan upa, up to, at (in *upastvaka-, praise). Both a and b from Indo-Iranian *upa. (Pokorny upo 1106.) |
| |
| |
| The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by the Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. |
|
|
