11) Al-Biruni, Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. 2001
...Central Asian scientist. His earlier years were disturbed by political troubles, but after 1017 he was patronized by members of the Ghaznavid dynasty of Turkey. He...
12) Ghazali, al- The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Islamic theologian, philosopher, and mystic. He was born at Tus in Khorasan, of Persian origin. He is considered the greatest theologian in Islam. Al-Ghazali was...
13) Abu al-Ala al-Maarri. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Arab freethinking poet. He was born and lived most of his life in Maarrah, S of Aleppo. He was blind from childhood. Brilliantly original, he became one of the literary...
14) al- The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...For some Arabic names beginning thus, see the second part of the name; e.g., for Anwar al-Sadat, see Sadat, Anwar al-....
15) Biqa, Al. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Lebanon and Syria, 75 mi (121 km) long and 5 to 9 mi (8-14.5 km) wide, between the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon ranges; highest part of the Rift Valley complex. The village...
16) Ibn al-Haytham. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Ibn al-Haytham was born in Basra, Persia, but made his career in Cairo, where he supported himself copying scientific manuscripts. Among his original works, only...
17) Abd al-Hamid II. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Abd al-Hamid II, 1842-1918, Ottoman sultan (1876-1909). His uncle, Abd al-Aziz, was deposed from the throne of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) in 1876 by the Young Turks,...
18) Mansur, al-, d. 775, 2d Abbasid caliph. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. 2001
...Abbasid caliph (754-75) and founder of the city of Baghdad. His name was in full Abu Jafar abd-Allah al-Mansur. He was brother and successor of Abu al-Abbas. A vigorous...
19) Minya, Al. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Minya governorate, N central Egypt, on the Nile River. About half the city's population is Coptic Christian. It is a tourist spot and an agricultural trade center....
20) Nizam al-Mulk. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Seljuk (see Turks) sultans. Of Persian descent, he was early educated in administration, serving the Ghaznavids sultans. By 1059 he was chief administrator of Khorasan;...
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