12) Pyramids, battle of. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...French Revolutionary Wars, battle fought between the French forces under Napoleon Bonaparte and the Egyptian Mamluks led by Murad Bey. Napoleon's victory gave the...

13) Euphrates. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Turkish Frat, Arabic Al Furat, river of SW Asia, c.1,700 mi (2,740 km) long, formed by the confluence of the Kara and the Murad rivers, E central Turkey, and flowing...

14) Manisa. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Mineral deposits are nearby. The city has many fine buildings, among them the notable Muradye mosque, and was the residence of Ottoman sultans Murad II and Murad...

15) Muhammad I, Ottoman sultan. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Muhammad the Restorer), 1389?-1421, Ottoman sultan (1413-21), son of Beyazid I. By defeating his brothers he reunited most of his father's empire. He consolidated...

16) Abd al-Hamid II. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Abd al-Hamid II, 1842-1918, Ottoman sultan (1876-1909). His uncle, Abd al-Aziz, was deposed from the throne of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) in 1876 by the Young Turks,...

17) Janissaries. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Ottoman Empire (Turkey). It was composed of war captives and Christian youths pressed into service; all the recruits were converted to Islam and trained under the...

18) Scanderbeg. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...His original name was George Castriota or Kastriotes, but the Ottomans called him Iskender Bey, and this was corrupted into Scanderbeg. The son of a prince of N Albania,...

19) Ahmed I. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Ottoman sultan (1603-17), son and successor of Muhammad III to the throne of the Ottoman Empire. The chief event of his reign was the Treaty of Zsitvatorok (1606),...

20) Mustafa I. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Ottoman sultan (1617-18, 1622-23), brother and successor of Ahmed I to the throne of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey). Set aside for incompetence, he was succeeded in...