12) Chinon. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Chinon was an important medieval town and many buildings (notably three churches) from that period are preserved. Its castle, overlooking the river, consists of three...

13) Marche, region and former province, France. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Gueret is the chief town. Marche is primarily an agricultural region that also specializes in sheep raising. The wool is manufactured into carpets and tapestries...

14) Touraine. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...French Revolution), W central France, centering around Tours (the historic capital) and drained by the Loire, Cher, and Vienne rivers. Roughly coextensive with Indre-et-Loire...

15) Limousin. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Limoges and Tulle are important markets for the cattle raised in most of Limousin; Brive-la-Gaillarde is surrounded by fertile lowlands. In 918, Limousin was enfeoffed...

16) Beghards. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...They resembled a Franciscan group, with whom they were later often confused. Of unknown origin, they first appeared at Louvain in 1220 and soon spread throughout...

17) Clement V, pope. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Clement V, pope, 1264-1314, pope (1305-14), a Frenchman named Bertrand de Got; successor of Benedict XI. He was made archbishop of Bordeaux by Boniface VIII, who...

18) Dauphine. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Alps culminate in the Barre des Ecrins; their magnificent scenery attracts many tourists. The lower districts are fertile and warm, with vineyards and mulberry shrubs...

19) Loire, river, France. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...France to the Atlantic Ocean at Saint-Nazaire. The upper Loire swiftly flows northwestward through numerous gorges in the Massif Central. At Orleans it swings southwest...

20) council, ecumenical. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Although councils can declare themselves ecumenical, this designation has often been applied retrospectively; even the Roman Catholic Church has no formal decree...