2) Al Karak. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...The ancient Kir Moab (also mentioned in the Bible as Kir Hareseth, Kir Haresh, and Kir Heres), it was the walled citadel of the Moabites. Al Karak played an important...

3) Kindi, al- The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Basra and at Baghdad and is noted as one of the earliest scholars in the Middle East to become thoroughly versed in the writings of Aristotle. In his own teachings...

4) Shatt al Arab. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Tigris and Euphrates rivers, flowing SE to the Persian Gulf, forming part of the Iraq-Iran border; the Karun is its chief tributary. The Shatt al Arab flowed through...

5) Al-Farghani. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Farghani was born in Farghana, Transoxania (present-day Pakistan), and died in Egypt. His most important work, written between 833 and 857, is Elements, a thorough,...

6) Al-Battani. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Arab astronomer and mathematician. He is best known in astronomy for his improvements and corrections of the Ptolemaic tradition. His Kitab al-Zij, which in Latin...

7) Mamun, al- The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Abbasid caliph (813-33); son of Harun al-Rashid. He succeeded his brother al-Amin after a bitter civil war, but was unable to enter Baghdad until 819. He was himself...

8) Mansurah, Al. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Manufactures include ginned cotton, cottonseed oil, and textiles. Al Mansurah was founded in 1221 to replace Dumyat (Damietta), then occupied by Crusaders. In 1250,...

9) Al Kut. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Much of the town was destroyed during World War I. It is also called Kut-al-Amara or Kut-el-Amara....

10) Al Ubayyid. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Ubayyid is also a trade and transshipment point. Founded by the Turko-Egyptian pashas in 1821, it fell to the Mahdists in 1883 and was destroyed. Its reconstruction...