2) Ptolemy VIII. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Macedonian dynasty, son of Ptolemy VII and the younger Cleopatra. He is also called Ptolemy Soter II. His mother ruled jointly with him and held the actual power....

3) Eudoxus of Cyzicus. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Greek navigator in the service of the Ptolemies. He explored the Arabian Sea for Ptolemy VII. After being blown from his course to the east coast of Africa, he decided...

4) Ptolemy VI. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Macedonian dynasty, son of Ptolemy V. He became king when an infant, and his mother, Cleopatra, was regent. After her death, Antiochus IV of Syria invaded Egypt,...

5) Antiochus IV. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Antiochus III and successor of his brother Seleucus IV. His nephew (later Demetrius I) was held as a hostage in Rome, although still claiming the throne. Antiochus...

6) Egypt. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Arab Republic of Egypt, republic (1996 pop. 59,272,382), 386,659 sq mi (1,001,449 sq km), NE Africa and SW Asia. It borders on the Mediterranean Sea in the north,...