2) pidgin. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...The earliest documented pidgin is the Lingua Franca (or Sabir) that developed among merchants and traders in the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages; it remained in...

3) creole language. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Examples are the Gullah of South Carolina and Georgia (based on English), the creole of Haiti (based on French), and the Papiamento of Curacao (developed from pidgin...

4) lingua franca. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Such a language frequently is used primarily for commercial purposes. Examples are the several varieties of the hybrid pidgin English (see pidgin); Swahili, a native...