2) union, labor. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Historically there have been two chief types of unions: the horizontal, or craft, union, in which all the members are skilled in a certain craft (e.g., the International...

3) Labor, United States Department of. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...United States Department of, federal executive department established in 1913 and charged with administering and enforcing statutes that promote the welfare of U.S....

4) labor, in economics. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Many manual labor jobs were eliminated with the introduction of machinery (mid-18th cent.), thus creating a labor surplus (see Industrial Revolution). With increased...

5) National Labor Relations Board. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...National Labor Relations Board, (NLRB), independent agency of the U.S. government created under the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (Wagner Act), and amended...

6) child labor. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Child labor was first recognized as a social problem with the introduction of the factory system in late 18th-century Great Britain. Children had formerly been apprenticed...

7) American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations, (AFL-CIO), a federation of autonomous labor unions in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Panama,...

8) convict labor. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Such work is now considered a necessary part of the rehabilitation of the criminal; it is also used to keep discipline and reduce the costs of prison maintenance....

9) migrant labor. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...United States to laborers who travel from place to place harvesting crops that must be picked as soon as they ripen. Although migrant labor patterns exist in other...

10) Taft-Hartley Labor Act. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
...Hartley Labor Act, 1947, passed by the U.S. Congress, officially known as the Labor-Management Relations Act. Sponsored by Senator Robert Alphonso Taft and Representative...