AP ECON 1000 Chapter 3_ Law of Supply

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York University Date: September 21, 2022 . AP ECON 1000 D Name: Siya Patel . Chapter 3: Law of Supply Costs are Opportunity Costs Businesses must pay higher prices to obtain more of an input because opportunity costs change with circumstances. The marginal costs of additional inputs (like labour) are ultimately opportunity costs — the best alternative use of the input. Marginal cost: additional opportunity cost of increasing quantity supplied. Marginal cost changes with circumstances. Increases as you increase the quantity supplied. To buy inputs, a business must pay the price matching best opportunity cost of the input owner. Sunk Costs Don’t Matter for Future Choices Sunk costs that cannot be reversed are not part of opportunity costs. Sunk costs do not influence smart, forward-looking decisions. Sunk costs: past expenses that cannot be recovered. Sunk costs are the same no matter which fork in the road you take, so no influence on smart choices . Not part of opportunity costs to consider when making forward-looking choices. The Law of Supply Your Supply of Hours Worked Price (minimum willing accept per hour) Quantity Supplied (hours of work at that price) $15 10 -12 $30 35 $45 55 If the price of a product or service rises, the quantity supplied increases. Businesses increase production when higher prices either create higher profits or cover higher marginal opportunity costs of production. Supply; businesses’ willingness to produce a particular product or service because price covers all opportunity costs. Quantity supplied; quantity you actually plan to supply at a given price Marginal opportunity cost; complete term for any cost relevant to a smart decision All opportunity costs are marginal costs; all marginal costs are opportunity costs. Increasing marginal opportunity costs arise because inputs are not equally productive in all activities Where inputs are equally productive in all activities, marginal opportunity costs are constant. Law of supply; if the price of a product or service rises, quantity supplied increases. Market supply; sum of supplies of all businesses willing to produce a particular product or service. Supply curve; shows relationship between price and quantity supplied , other things remaining the same. There are two ways to read a supply curve Chapter 3: Law of Supply
As a supply curve, read over and down from price to quantity supplied. As a marginal cost curve, read up and over from quantity supplied to price. A marginal cost curve shows the minimum price businesses will accept that covers all marginal opportunity costs of production. What Can Change Supply? Quantity supplied is changed only by a change in price. Supply is changed by all other influences on business decisions. Supply is a catch-all term summarising all possible influences on businesses’ willingness to produce a particular product or service. Increase in supply; increase in businesses’ willingness to produce. Rightward shift of supply curve. Decrease in supply; decrease in businesses’ willingness to produce. Leftward shift of supply curve. Supply changes with changes in technology, environment, prices of inputs, prices of related products or services produced, expected future prices, number of businesses. For example, supply increases with: improvement in technology environmental change helping production fall in price of an input Labour Capital Raw Materials fall in price of a related product or service fall in expected future price increase in number of businesses Change in Quantity Supplied Decrease in quantity supplied is movement down along an unchanged supply curve. Increase in quantity supplied is a movement up along an unchanged supply curve. Change in Supply If a factor that we normally hold constant in order to draw an upward sloping supply curve changes that causes a change in supply. Increase in supply is the rightward shift of supply curve. Decrease in supply is a leftward shift of supply curve. Law of Demand and Changes in Supply The Law of Supply The quantity supplied of a product or service Decreases if: Increases if: Price of the product or service rises Price of product or service falls Changes in Demand The demand for a product or service Decreases if: Increases if: Chapter 3: Law of Supply
————— Environmental change harms production Price of an input rises Price of a related product or services rises Expected future price rise Number of business decreases Technology improves Environmental change helps production Price of an input falls Price of a related product or services falls Expected future price falls Number of business increases Lecture Module 3: Multiple Choice Knowledge Check 1. As you shift your time away from alternative uses in order to work more; a) The marginal cost of your time increases. A smart choice is to give up the least valuable alternative first so you give up increasingly valuable (costly) alternatives as you work more. b) The marginal cost of your time decreases. c) You give up your least valuable alternative last. d) You give up your favourite alternative first. 2. Many gamblers on slot machines believed that the more they lose, the greater are their chances of winning in the next turn. The actual chances of winning are random – they do not depend on past turns. Therefore, the money lost already is a a) Smart cost. b) Sunk cost. Previously lost money, which does not influence future winnings, is a sunk cost. c) Opportunity Cost. d) Total Cost. 3. If all workers and equipment is a business are equally productive in all activities, the opportunity cost of increasing output a) Is constant. The lost production is the same (constant) from each worker shifted out of an activity. b) Decreases. c) Is a smart cost. d) Increases. 4. A county can produce these combinations of guns and butter: 3 guns and 0 butter 2 guns and 3 butter 0 guns and 7 butter For this production possibilities frontier, the opportunity cost of producing a) butter is constant as more butter is produced. b) guns are constant as more guns are produced. For questions like these, you have to calculate the For opportunity cost per 1 gun. Moving from 0 guns to 2 guns, the opportunity cost of 4 butter (give up) must be divided by 2 guns (get), yielding an opportunity cost of 2 butter per gun. Moving from 2 guns to 3 guns, the opportunity cost of 3 butter (give up) is already per (1) gun. c) guns decrease as more guns are produced. d) guns increase as more guns are produced. The first 2 guns have an opportunity cost of 4 butter (7 - 3) or 2 butter/gun. The 3rd gun has an opportunity cost of 3 butter (3 - 0). So opportunity cost is increasing. Chapter 3: Law of Supply
5. A rise in the price of a service a) Increase the quantity supplied of the service. This is the law of supply. An increase in price increases quantity supplied (not supply). b) Increase the supply of the service. c) Increases demand for the service. d) Decrease demand for the service. It is really important to understand the difference between a change in supply, and a change in quantity supplies. Go back and review the Micro textbook Chapters 3.3 and 3.4. 6. A market has 10 identical businesses. When the price is $60, one business’s quantity supplied is 50 units and market supplied is a) 50 units. b) 600 units. c) 500 units - A the price of $60, each of the 10 businesses supplies 50 units, so total market supply is 10 15 units equals 500 units. × d) 3000 units. To calculate the market supply, at each price you sum the quantities supplied by all businesses, At a price of $60, each business supply 50 units so 10 businesses supply 10 15 units equals 500 units. × 7. You read a a) Supply curve as the minimum price business will b) Marginal cost curve as the maximum price businesses will accept. c) Marginal cost curve up and over. For any quantity, you read a marginal cost curve by going up and over to see the minimum prie businesses will accept, that covers all opportunity cost of production, Read supply curves over and down, from price to quantity supplied at that price. d) Marginal cost over and down. 8. The market supply of tires decreases if a) The expected future price falls. b) The price of oil – an input for tires – rises. Rising input prices cause a leftward shift of the supply curve. The other answers increase the market supply of tires, causing a rightward shift of the supply curve. c) Tire-making technology improves. d) New tire business enters the market. 9. Popeye’s Parlour supplies both piercing and tattoo services. Higher prices for piercings causes Popeye’s a) Quantity supplied of tattoos is increasing. b) Supply of tattoos to decrease. Piercings and tattoos are related products for Popeye’s Parlour. c) Supply of tattoos to increase. d) Quantity supplied of tattoos to decrease. 10. Some business owners are chatting over coffee. Which quotation refers to a leftward shift of the supply curve? a) “Our new, sophisticated equipment will allow us to undercut our competitors.” b) “Wage increases have forced us to raise our prices.” Chapter 3: Law of Supply
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