Study guide assignment for unit 2
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Unit #:
2 Ethics, Economics, and Policy: Who or What Do We Value?
Name: Saebyeok Shim
Important concept -1 [20 points]
Concept:
Environment and Economy connections
Supporting details 1:
Every item we consume has an environmental footprint that stems from a complex chain of production, distribution, and consumption. When you think of a common exchange system, you work, get paid, use that money to purchase goods, and form a huge economic network
through it. This network encompasses various stages from resource extraction to production, distribution, and sales. Economic choices have a positive and negative impact on the environment. This section will focus on the central role of energy development while exploring the basic principles of an economic system. The distribution of goods in a market economy is determined by the interaction of supply and demand. The dynamic relationship between supply and demand is constantly determined by changes in factors such as consumer preferences, alternative energy use, and market conditions. Governments can also play an important role in shaping and regulating this market system.
Supporting details 2:
In 1776, the economist Adam Smith introduced the concept of the "invisible hand" in his seminal book, “The Wealth of Nations”. Smith argued that free markets, driven by profit-seeking buyers and sellers, could effectively control production and prices. While it forms the basis of modern economic thinking, market power can have undesirable consequences, such as price spikes caused by natural disasters affecting oil production. Governments around the world intervene in markets to influence prices, regulate services, subsidize payments, and collect taxes. For example, the U.S. government supports agriculture through subsidies. Arguments over the frequency and scope of interventions classify economies as market-driven or government-driven, with countries such as Australia and the U.S. showing more command-driven systems, while Cuba and North Korea
are biased toward market economies.
Important concept -2 [20 points]
Concept:
Economics and Environmental problem
Supporting details 1:
Often market failures due to externalities occur when the costs and benefits associated with goods or services are not fully considered.
Externalities are exemplified in block parties that cause noise pollution; while negative externalities affect those not involved, nearby residents enjoy positive externalities without contributing. The concept extends to coal-fired power plants, where market prices do not reflect true costs, including health damage, carbon emissions, and environmental damage. One study estimated the negative externalities of coal at $500 billion per year. Governments address these issues through regulations, taxes, and emission trading aimed at internalizing
externalities. Emissions trading offers flexibility and incentives to reduce pollution, but may not cover all externalities and require effective management.
Supporting details 2:
The tragedy of negative externality commons occurs when there is a lack of constraints on open access to resources, leading to overuse and
devastation. The concept applies to a variety of environmental issues, including land degradation, pollution, and overfishing. Possible examples involved are shared offices or university fridges, which offer
common benefits but are prone to getting messy due to a lack of individual responsibility. Solutions include government regulations such as marine protected areas tightening restrictions on resource use. Privatization and co-ownership are alternative approaches, and research by Nobel laureate Eleanor Ostrom highlights successful, locally based resource management without formal regulation. Local control and informal interactions prove effective in maintaining shared
resources, as seen in community-managed pastures, fisheries, water, and forests.
Important concept -3 [20 points]
Concept:
Effect of ethics for our decisions
Supporting details 1:
Personal ethics, guided by moral principles, shapes our decisions about right and wrong behavior. One example is moving from plastic containing bisphenol A in baby products because of health concerns to
reflect ethical choices driven by parental instincts. Environmental decisions often involve two systems of ethics: compulsory ethics centered on obligations and rights, and consequentialism centered on behavioral outcomes. Compulsory ethics establishes rules and obligations exemplified by laws, such as the National Environmental Policy Act. It emphasizes the intrinsic value that values for substance. The Earth Charter, initiated by the United Nations, embodies compulsory principles and emphasizes the obligation to protect all life
forms, regardless of human utility. Personal ethics plays a pivotal role
in environmental decisions, extending beyond the well-being of individuals to broader ethical considerations.
Supporting details 2:
In ethical decision-making, utilitarianism evaluates behavior based on maximizing overall benefit or minimizing harm, taking into account the best interests of the most people. Applying this approach to dam construction involves measuring the benefits of clean power from negative impacts on affected communities and the environment. However, such calculations can be complicated, including conflict over interpretation and different perspectives on outcomes. National environmental policy laws emphasize the balance of overall benefit and harm. Ethical considerations often involve defining the scope of "others" that are affected. Anthropocentrism, which focuses solely on human interests, may prioritize attention for family and friends, or extend to wider communities and future generations. This broader perspective is consistent with the UN's definition of sustainability, which is essential to global development goals.
Important concept -4 [20 points]
Concept:
Environmental Policy
Supporting details 1:
Government policies influence the choice and attractiveness of everyday transportation, and greatly shape the choice of everyday transportation. Public transportation, automobile safety standards, fuel
costs, infrastructure funding, and so on are influenced by a variety of policies at the local, state, and federal levels. Policies, including laws and regulations, drive individual and organizational action within government jurisdictions. Transportation policies aim to achieve a variety of goals, such as economic development, job creation, pollution reduction, public health, safety, and environmental preservation. These changes in policy may change the context of decision-making about everyday transportation. Environmental laws, such as the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act, enacted in the 1960s and 1970s in the United States, improved air and water quality, protected federal land, and supported the recovery of endangered species. However, ongoing political struggles at various levels continue to shape environmental impact policies.
Supporting details 2:
Changes in environmental policy in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the
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Related Questions
Course: Macroecomonics
Steve and Craig have been shipwrecked on a deserted island in the South Pacific. Their economic activity consists of either gathering pineapples or fishing. We know Steve can catch four fish in one hour or harvest two baskets of pineapples. In the same time Craig can reel in two fish or harvest two baskets of pineapples.
Questions: If they each spend four hours a day fishing and four hours a day harvesting pineapples, how many of each will Steve produce? How many will Craig produce? What will their total production be?
arrow_forward
1. Introduction – South African economic system (half a page is recommended)
2. Strengths of the South African economic system (1 page is recommended)
- Identify and discuss the strengths/ features separately as subheadings here (highly
recommended)
e.g. 2.1; 2.2; 2.3; 2.4; 2,5 etc.
3. Weaknesses of the South African economic system (1 page is recommended)
- Identify and discuss each weakness/ feature separately as subheadings here (highly
recommended)
e.g. 3.1; 3.2; 3.3; 3.4; 3,5 etc.
4. Conclusion and recommendations (half a page is recommended)
List of References (Havard style or APA referencing style is recommended
arrow_forward
Topic: What is the world going to be like if we continue to have bilateral economic war in the next 25 years? the tensions that lead to war still exist: religion, money, natural resource, and history all provide way too many “reasons” for countries to want war to achieve their perception of national goals.
Question: How does money and Natural resources effect our economy during wars?
please answer in paragraphs, thank you for your time!
arrow_forward
17.
Question 17 options:
The international Bank for Reconstruction and Development known as came into existence, to support war-affected economies and underdeveloped Economies
arrow_forward
Course Title: Macroeconomics
Steve and Craig have been shipwrecked on a deserted island in the South Pacific. Their economic activity consists of either gathering pineapples or fishing. We know Steve can catch four fish in one hour or harvest two baskets of pineapples. In the same time Craig can reel in two fish or harvest two baskets of pineapples.
Question: If they each specialize in either fishing or harvesting pineapples, what should Steve specialize in? What should Craig specialize in? What will their total production be? (Show opportunity cost calculations.) Should they specialize? Why or Why not?
arrow_forward
Question 2.2. Henry wants to buy a book. The economic perspective suggests that Henry will buy the book if
the book will give him utility.
his income is high.
the marginal cost of the book is greater than its marginal benefit.
the marginal benefit of the book is greater than its marginal cost.
Question 3.3. Which situation would most likely cause a nation's production possibilities curve to shift inward?
The construction of more capital goods
An increase in discrimination based on race
An increase in the number of skilled immigrant workers
The destruction from bombing and warfare in a losing military conflict
arrow_forward
"Population, Resources, and the Environment Much of the concern over environmental issues stems from the perception that we may reach a limit to the number of people whose needs can be met by the earth’s finite resources. We may or may not reach this point, given the potential for new technological discoveries, but it is clear that continuing on our present path of accelerating environmental degradation would severely compromise the ability of present and future generations to meet their needs. A slowing of population growth rates would help ease the intensification of many environmental problems.
However, the rate and timing of fertility declines, and thus the eventual size of world population, will largely depend on the commitment of governments to creating economic and institutional conditions that are conducive to limiting fertility."
What is the meaning of this statement?
arrow_forward
12
theme: inside the meltdown- watch the following frontline Documentary, "inside the Meltdown,"
2. Secretary Paulson seemed to be having a philosophical crisis about how to solve these
problems in the meltdown. Explain his angst in trying to solve these problems and trying
to balance free markets vs government intervention
arrow_forward
Which of the following is NOT one of the key fundamental economic questions of an Economic System?
Question 26 options:
What to Produce?
How to Produce it?
The Government putting a tax on a Product?
For Whom to Produce it?
arrow_forward
1. Explain insightful interpretations of the data, connecting it to the broader context of the issue on global economic issue under world hunger and poverty at Nigeria country with latest news.
arrow_forward
Question 26.26. A fast-food company spends millions of dollars to develop and promote a new hamburger on its menu only to find that consumers won’t buy it because they don’t like the taste. From an economic perspective, the company should
keep the hamburger on the menu because they've spent so much money and time developing and promoting the product.
spend more money to develop a more efficient way to cook the hamburger so it cooks in a shorter time.
pull the hamburger off the menu and treat the development and promotion expenditures as a sunk cost.
keep trying to sell the hamburger so that people who developed and promote it have a job with the company.
arrow_forward
Please give a detailed solution with an explanation and answer all the questions provided in the image below.For the 3 blank answers here are the options:Blank Answer #1:cost of producing or market value of or wholesale cost ofBlank Answer #2:final goods and services produced or final goods and services consumed or final and intermediate goods and services producedBlank Answer #3:by U.S. citizens or by U.S.-owned companies or within the United States
arrow_forward
Globalisation General Framework
In this topic, you are to research globalisation. The business press bombards us with ideas about ‘The shrinking world’, ‘the flat world’ and ‘the border-less world’ – all catchphrases to describe the impact of globalisation. But are the (trade) borders really collapsing or are we seeing, post GFC, a resurgence in them? What is behind the extreme demonstrations against globalisation at G7 and WTC conferences?
Individual Components
World 3.0: P Ghemawat’s questioning of whether the world really is as ‘global’ as we are being told it is and his ideas about how it could be globalised more effectively.
Anthony Giddens’ ideas on globalisation.
The “End of Poverty” movement and the contrary assertion that “Trade NOT aid” is the way to a more globalised world that mitigates against poverty.
arrow_forward
10. The production possibilities curve will never move outwards.
True
False
11. Government controls all market activity in the United States.
True
False
12.
What does the law of demand state?
A. As the price increases, quantity demanded remains constant.
B. As the price increases, quantity demanded increases.
C. As the price decreases, quantity demanded decreases.
D. As the price increases, quantity demanded decreases.
13. Microeconomics is the study of which of the following?
Individual economic units
Banks and the U.S. government
Money and money markets
Foreign exchange markets
arrow_forward
Unit 4
Question 1
The production possibility frontier of an economy is as
shown in Figure 1.
(a) () If the economy produces 15 units of manufoctured goods,
whot is the maximum number of non-manufactured goods
it can produce? (in) How many manufoctured goods could it
produce if production of non-manufoctured goods was 50 units?
(b) The economy is currently operating at point C What is the
opportunity cost of increasing production of non-manufactured
goods by (1) 15 units; (1) 20 units?
(c) The econory is at D. Whot is the marginal cost of increasing
production of non-manufactured goods to the point () C; (i) B?
Thanks in advance!
arrow_forward
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Related Questions
- Course: Macroecomonics Steve and Craig have been shipwrecked on a deserted island in the South Pacific. Their economic activity consists of either gathering pineapples or fishing. We know Steve can catch four fish in one hour or harvest two baskets of pineapples. In the same time Craig can reel in two fish or harvest two baskets of pineapples. Questions: If they each spend four hours a day fishing and four hours a day harvesting pineapples, how many of each will Steve produce? How many will Craig produce? What will their total production be?arrow_forward1. Introduction – South African economic system (half a page is recommended) 2. Strengths of the South African economic system (1 page is recommended) - Identify and discuss the strengths/ features separately as subheadings here (highly recommended) e.g. 2.1; 2.2; 2.3; 2.4; 2,5 etc. 3. Weaknesses of the South African economic system (1 page is recommended) - Identify and discuss each weakness/ feature separately as subheadings here (highly recommended) e.g. 3.1; 3.2; 3.3; 3.4; 3,5 etc. 4. Conclusion and recommendations (half a page is recommended) List of References (Havard style or APA referencing style is recommendedarrow_forwardTopic: What is the world going to be like if we continue to have bilateral economic war in the next 25 years? the tensions that lead to war still exist: religion, money, natural resource, and history all provide way too many “reasons” for countries to want war to achieve their perception of national goals. Question: How does money and Natural resources effect our economy during wars? please answer in paragraphs, thank you for your time!arrow_forward
- 17. Question 17 options: The international Bank for Reconstruction and Development known as came into existence, to support war-affected economies and underdeveloped Economiesarrow_forwardCourse Title: Macroeconomics Steve and Craig have been shipwrecked on a deserted island in the South Pacific. Their economic activity consists of either gathering pineapples or fishing. We know Steve can catch four fish in one hour or harvest two baskets of pineapples. In the same time Craig can reel in two fish or harvest two baskets of pineapples. Question: If they each specialize in either fishing or harvesting pineapples, what should Steve specialize in? What should Craig specialize in? What will their total production be? (Show opportunity cost calculations.) Should they specialize? Why or Why not?arrow_forwardQuestion 2.2. Henry wants to buy a book. The economic perspective suggests that Henry will buy the book if the book will give him utility. his income is high. the marginal cost of the book is greater than its marginal benefit. the marginal benefit of the book is greater than its marginal cost. Question 3.3. Which situation would most likely cause a nation's production possibilities curve to shift inward? The construction of more capital goods An increase in discrimination based on race An increase in the number of skilled immigrant workers The destruction from bombing and warfare in a losing military conflictarrow_forward
- "Population, Resources, and the Environment Much of the concern over environmental issues stems from the perception that we may reach a limit to the number of people whose needs can be met by the earth’s finite resources. We may or may not reach this point, given the potential for new technological discoveries, but it is clear that continuing on our present path of accelerating environmental degradation would severely compromise the ability of present and future generations to meet their needs. A slowing of population growth rates would help ease the intensification of many environmental problems. However, the rate and timing of fertility declines, and thus the eventual size of world population, will largely depend on the commitment of governments to creating economic and institutional conditions that are conducive to limiting fertility." What is the meaning of this statement?arrow_forward12 theme: inside the meltdown- watch the following frontline Documentary, "inside the Meltdown," 2. Secretary Paulson seemed to be having a philosophical crisis about how to solve these problems in the meltdown. Explain his angst in trying to solve these problems and trying to balance free markets vs government interventionarrow_forwardWhich of the following is NOT one of the key fundamental economic questions of an Economic System? Question 26 options: What to Produce? How to Produce it? The Government putting a tax on a Product? For Whom to Produce it?arrow_forward
- 1. Explain insightful interpretations of the data, connecting it to the broader context of the issue on global economic issue under world hunger and poverty at Nigeria country with latest news.arrow_forwardQuestion 26.26. A fast-food company spends millions of dollars to develop and promote a new hamburger on its menu only to find that consumers won’t buy it because they don’t like the taste. From an economic perspective, the company should keep the hamburger on the menu because they've spent so much money and time developing and promoting the product. spend more money to develop a more efficient way to cook the hamburger so it cooks in a shorter time. pull the hamburger off the menu and treat the development and promotion expenditures as a sunk cost. keep trying to sell the hamburger so that people who developed and promote it have a job with the company.arrow_forwardPlease give a detailed solution with an explanation and answer all the questions provided in the image below.For the 3 blank answers here are the options:Blank Answer #1:cost of producing or market value of or wholesale cost ofBlank Answer #2:final goods and services produced or final goods and services consumed or final and intermediate goods and services producedBlank Answer #3:by U.S. citizens or by U.S.-owned companies or within the United Statesarrow_forward
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