Study guide assignment for unit 2

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Georgia State University *

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1401L

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Economics

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Apr 3, 2024

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docx

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5

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Unit #: 2 Ethics, Economics, and Policy: Who or What Do We Value? Name: Saebyeok Shim Important concept -1 [20 points] Concept: Environment and Economy connections Supporting details 1: Every item we consume has an environmental footprint that stems from a complex chain of production, distribution, and consumption. When you think of a common exchange system, you work, get paid, use that money to purchase goods, and form a huge economic network through it. This network encompasses various stages from resource extraction to production, distribution, and sales. Economic choices have a positive and negative impact on the environment. This section will focus on the central role of energy development while exploring the basic principles of an economic system. The distribution of goods in a market economy is determined by the interaction of supply and demand. The dynamic relationship between supply and demand is constantly determined by changes in factors such as consumer preferences, alternative energy use, and market conditions. Governments can also play an important role in shaping and regulating this market system. Supporting details 2: In 1776, the economist Adam Smith introduced the concept of the "invisible hand" in his seminal book, “The Wealth of Nations”. Smith argued that free markets, driven by profit-seeking buyers and sellers, could effectively control production and prices. While it forms the basis of modern economic thinking, market power can have undesirable consequences, such as price spikes caused by natural disasters affecting oil production. Governments around the world intervene in markets to influence prices, regulate services, subsidize payments, and collect taxes. For example, the U.S. government supports agriculture through subsidies. Arguments over the frequency and scope of interventions classify economies as market-driven or government-driven, with countries such as Australia and the U.S. showing more command-driven systems, while Cuba and North Korea are biased toward market economies. Important concept -2 [20 points] Concept: Economics and Environmental problem Supporting details 1: Often market failures due to externalities occur when the costs and benefits associated with goods or services are not fully considered.
Externalities are exemplified in block parties that cause noise pollution; while negative externalities affect those not involved, nearby residents enjoy positive externalities without contributing. The concept extends to coal-fired power plants, where market prices do not reflect true costs, including health damage, carbon emissions, and environmental damage. One study estimated the negative externalities of coal at $500 billion per year. Governments address these issues through regulations, taxes, and emission trading aimed at internalizing externalities. Emissions trading offers flexibility and incentives to reduce pollution, but may not cover all externalities and require effective management. Supporting details 2: The tragedy of negative externality commons occurs when there is a lack of constraints on open access to resources, leading to overuse and devastation. The concept applies to a variety of environmental issues, including land degradation, pollution, and overfishing. Possible examples involved are shared offices or university fridges, which offer common benefits but are prone to getting messy due to a lack of individual responsibility. Solutions include government regulations such as marine protected areas tightening restrictions on resource use. Privatization and co-ownership are alternative approaches, and research by Nobel laureate Eleanor Ostrom highlights successful, locally based resource management without formal regulation. Local control and informal interactions prove effective in maintaining shared resources, as seen in community-managed pastures, fisheries, water, and forests. Important concept -3 [20 points] Concept: Effect of ethics for our decisions Supporting details 1: Personal ethics, guided by moral principles, shapes our decisions about right and wrong behavior. One example is moving from plastic containing bisphenol A in baby products because of health concerns to reflect ethical choices driven by parental instincts. Environmental decisions often involve two systems of ethics: compulsory ethics centered on obligations and rights, and consequentialism centered on behavioral outcomes. Compulsory ethics establishes rules and obligations exemplified by laws, such as the National Environmental Policy Act. It emphasizes the intrinsic value that values for substance. The Earth Charter, initiated by the United Nations, embodies compulsory principles and emphasizes the obligation to protect all life forms, regardless of human utility. Personal ethics plays a pivotal role
in environmental decisions, extending beyond the well-being of individuals to broader ethical considerations. Supporting details 2: In ethical decision-making, utilitarianism evaluates behavior based on maximizing overall benefit or minimizing harm, taking into account the best interests of the most people. Applying this approach to dam construction involves measuring the benefits of clean power from negative impacts on affected communities and the environment. However, such calculations can be complicated, including conflict over interpretation and different perspectives on outcomes. National environmental policy laws emphasize the balance of overall benefit and harm. Ethical considerations often involve defining the scope of "others" that are affected. Anthropocentrism, which focuses solely on human interests, may prioritize attention for family and friends, or extend to wider communities and future generations. This broader perspective is consistent with the UN's definition of sustainability, which is essential to global development goals. Important concept -4 [20 points] Concept: Environmental Policy Supporting details 1: Government policies influence the choice and attractiveness of everyday transportation, and greatly shape the choice of everyday transportation. Public transportation, automobile safety standards, fuel costs, infrastructure funding, and so on are influenced by a variety of policies at the local, state, and federal levels. Policies, including laws and regulations, drive individual and organizational action within government jurisdictions. Transportation policies aim to achieve a variety of goals, such as economic development, job creation, pollution reduction, public health, safety, and environmental preservation. These changes in policy may change the context of decision-making about everyday transportation. Environmental laws, such as the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act, enacted in the 1960s and 1970s in the United States, improved air and water quality, protected federal land, and supported the recovery of endangered species. However, ongoing political struggles at various levels continue to shape environmental impact policies. Supporting details 2: Changes in environmental policy in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the
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