Hist 260 Ch 5-Jacqueline L

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Dec 6, 2023

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History 260: Chapter 5 Ancient China Name: Jacqueline LaCombe 1.) What isolated China (and all of East Asia) from the rest of the world? It was marked off by high mountains, deserts along its northwester, western, and southwestern borders separated them from other cultural centers. 2.) What are some of things he mythical pre-Xia “god-emperors” are credited with inventing? Fire, agriculture, animal domestication, the calendar, writing, and flood control. 3.) What things may have come to China from west Asia? Wheat, and later donkeys, alfalfa, grapes, and some elements of mathematics 4.) What things came to China much earlier from Southeast Asia (via South China)? Rice, water buffalo, chickens, and pigs. 5.) What four metals did Chinese mix together to form the technical perfection and beauty of Shang bronzes? Copper, tin, lead, and zinc. 6.) Where was the Shang political domain probably limited to? The central Yellow River floodplain 7.) Besides horses, what living beings were sacrificed in Shang tombs? Tens or even hundreds of followers buried with them as human sacrifices. Other items they valued and could be of use in the afterlife as well. 8.) Where has the only Shang writing from the time been found incised on? Tens or even hundreds of followers, buried as human sacrifices. 9.) What is the great agricultural advantage of the semi-dry northern China? Its highly fertile loess soil (wind-laid alluvium), which is also easily worked, and the level expanse of the largely treeless plain, allowing easy transport and exchange.

10.) Who, originally, were the Zhou (most likely)? Tough frontiersmen who guarded the western frontier in the Wei Valley. 11.) About 1050 BCE, what had the Zhou done? They acquired most of Shang culture and technology. 12.) How were emerging states around north China linked to the Zhou king? By oaths of loyalty that acknowledged him as sovereign. 13.) In Zhou times, what was most writing now done with? Using brush and ink on silk or on strips of bamboo. 14.) What was the result of the spread of iron tools? Irrigation spread and more and more land was brought under cultivation. 15.) Agricultural surplus during the Zhou freed more of the population to do what kinds of jobs? Artisans, transport workers, soldiers, officials, scholars, and merchants. 16.) As prosperity grew, how did the Zhou vassals evolve? Toward separate statedom, each with its distinctive and regional culture 17.) What was done to guard the northwest borders after the 771 BCE sack of the Wei valley and the move of the Zhou capital to Luoyang? When the Zhou king was killed, his son was appointed and installed as king in a better-protected capital at Luoyang. To guard that northwest border the old Zhou base in the Wei Valley was given as a fief (a grant of land) to a loyal noble of the Qin (pronounced "chin") clan. 18.) How was the state of Chu in the south (on the Yangzi or Changjiang) different in character? The size and importance of its merchant group and the role of water borne trade and towns in its economy. Chu evolved from the earlier Shang pattern, where power was held by hereditary landowning nobility and where agriculture worked by slaves or serfs was virtually the sole source of wealth. It was also a naval power.

19.) What new weapon soon developed in China? Crossbow 20.) What kind of money was soon being commonly used? Bronze and copper coins 21.) What did Confucius (Kong Fuzi) make a career out of? Teacher and periodically a consultant or counselor to various feudal lords. 22.) According to the textbook author, what is the basic message of all Confucius’ teachings? People can be molded and elevated by education and by the virtuous example of superiors. "Civilized" people so formed will want to do what is morally right, rather than merely expedient, and, hence, will preserve the "harmony" of society, which is what distinguishes humans from animals. 23.) What is the Confucian model man like? An upright, educated man who unswervingly pursues the right moral course whatever the consequences, even at the expense of his own self-interest. 24.) In 221 BCE which two regions were united for the 1 st time in Chinese history (by Qin Shi Huangdi)? Northern China and the Yangzi Valley 25.) What systems did the Qin abolish in all the states that were conquered? Primogeniture (the eldest son inherits all of his father’s property and status), as well as slavery except for minor domestic servants. 26.) Besides currency, what had to be unified to make the separate cultures and states into one empire? Weights, measures, and forms of writing. 27.) What actually made the Great Wall often ineffective? Its intention was to prevent nomadic incursions; however the end runs around it and the intrigues that opened the gates made it quite permeable. It was also was difficult to distinguish friend from foe, harmless traders or travelers from troublemakers or invaders, or even political invaders.

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