Ap Biology Chapter 9 Study Guide

All cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from the surroundings. Cells of the intestine and the kidney are specialized to carry out

Chloroplasts – The organelle that is most involved with photosynthesis – the conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy or “food” for the plant. The photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the light and converts it into adenosine triphosphate that provides the plant necessary energy. Chloroplasts also free oxygen from

The body and cells need a constant supply of energy for a variety of reasons. Energy is needed to carry out mechanical work which involves the change in location or orientation of a body part or the cell itself. A major example is the energy required for the contraction of muscles. Molecular transport also requires energy. The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration requires energy since this is opposite to the normal movement of molecules. This process is also called active transport. Examples include the movement of nutrient raw materials into a cell and the movement of waste materials out of the cell. Electrical work is also included under molecular transport

▪ Surface area to volume ratios and the ability of cells to get nutrients in and waste products out of the cell

Plants utilize chloroplasts to perform photosynthesis to produce glucose. Photosynthesis consists of two stages called light reactions and the Calvin cycle. Within the chloroplast, the thylakoid is the site of light reactions. The thylakoid is capable of absorbing light energy and transforming it to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH which will later be used in the Calvin cycle. Pigments located inside the thylakoid allows for the absorption of visible light (Campbell, pg. 191). There are three significant types of pigments in chloroplast: chlorophyll a (main light-absorbing pigment) , chlorophyll b (accessory pigment), and carotenoids (group of accessory pigments).

Light dependent reactions occur in the chloroplasts of a plant. Inside of chloroplasts are membranes called thylakoids, a folded membranous structure that holds chlorophyll. In order for the plant to make glucose, the plant must harness light energy and change it into chemical energy. In light dependent reactions, the plant uses light energy to make ATP and NADPH. The ATP is used in the next stage of the reactions, the light independent, also known as the Calvin Cycle. The light first enters photosystems I and II. The photosystems contain chlorophyll to help them capture the light. The light excites electrons which then passes its energy to another pigment molecule. When it passes its energy on, the electron drops into a stable energy level

In redox reaction, an excited electron of a reaction-center chlorophyll a is trapped by primary electron acceptor before it can return to ground state

Mechanical Work – At cellular level, moves organelles around in the cell, cells changing shape and cilia and flagella.

The light-independent phase (also called the Calvin cycle) uses the NADPH created from the light-dependent phase and combines it with atmospheric CO2 in the stoma of the leaf. The protein called RuBisCO is an enzyme which helps to catalyze this reaction, and uses the ATP created in the light-dependent phase to complete the reaction. The complete reaction converts six water molecules and six CO2 molecules into glucose (C6H12O6) molecules and six O2 molecules.

Millions of different species of life exist today on the planet Earth. Throughout all of the kingdoms of life, each individual organism has a few important qualities needed to do simple functions for living. For example, every species has a way of obtaining oxygen and energy, reproducing, removing waste, moving oxygen through the body, and supporting it’s structure. These few processes are done by every living thing. Even species as diverse as elephants, wasps and sundew plants all have the ability to function in those ways, but sometimes they have different structures to accomplish the same tasks. All in all, once one discovers how different walks of life survive in their own brilliant ways, life can be seen from a new perspective.

The objective of this experiment is to perform the simulation of the movement of solutes from a higher concentration to a lower concentration within a given amount of time.

What are cells? Cells are the smallest living part of living organisms and are the building blocks of life. Each individual cell has all of the nine properties of life. The first one is homeostasis, which is the tendency of a system to maintain internal stability. For example, normal body temperature which is 98.5° and blood pH level should be around 7.2 at all times. The reason is primarily because of the denaturing enzyme Pepsin, which breaks down protein in your stomach. The next characteristic is living organisms respond to stimuli. Anything that causes a living organism to react is called a stimulus, living organisms respond to their environment. For example, when it is hot, receptor nerves in skin send a message to the hypothalamus which leads to the nerves which cause sweat and open the pores as well as dilating the capillaries. Next living organisms need to grow. Everything needs to grow in order to live, in the size of cells and/or number of cells. The fourth characteristic is reproduction. Living organisms pass on DNA in order to reproduce. The next characteristic is metabolism. Metabolism is all the chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism. The sixth characteristic is evolution, biological evolution is passing changes in DNA from a parent to offspring

b. to cite molecular weight and time as two factors affecting the rate of diffusion

Choice A – NAD is incorrect. NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme which functions as an intermediate for energy transport during cellular respiration (Citovsky, Lecture 18). In the first phase of photosynthesis, light reactions, solar energy is converted into NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

In photorespiration, the rate of which increases under the influence of light, and during which CO2 is released, and O2 is used but not ATP is formed. It involves three organelles chloroplast, mitochondria and peroxisomes.