Organelle Fact Sheet- Ribosomes
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Organelle Selected Ribosome
History of the ribosome George E. Palade was the first to discover the ribosomes in 1955. He used an electron microscope to study other organelles when he saw them as densely packed particles. The electron microscope uses a beam of electrons
for high resolution images that can produce detailed images of tissues, organelles, and other very small particles. The biologist found them in the cytoplasm and later discovered that they also “preferably associated” with the endoplasmic reticulum. He and his collogues would later receive the Nobel Prize in 1974 for his work on ribosomes. It is now known that ribosomes developed as early as the time of our last common ancestor. The ribosome has always been involved in protein synthesis, but the structure has evolved for modern day organisms and cells. (Petrov, Gulen, et. all)
Function of the ribosomes Ribosomes are crucial for basic functions in a cell, carrying out many roles for an organism. For one, it is the site of protein synthesis, the process in which proteins are made. DNA replication also needs the involvement of ribosomes where translation take place. In this process the ribosomes read the messenger RNA sequences and turns the genetic code in to a long amino acid chain that folds into proteins that are eventually used by the cell. The ribosomes also allow for transfer RNA to attach to the codon sequences which allows for long chains of the proteins to form. Another function of the ribosomes is acting as a catalyst in peptidyl hydrolysis in which peptide bonds form. This peptide bond formation is a metabolic function of the ribosomes that is also important for the synthesis of proteins. Ribosomes synthesize almost all proteins needed by cells including enzymes, actin, and tubulin in the human body, making them their main purpose as an organelle. Hydrogen ion networks and water provide gradients and electrostatic movement for the peptidyl transfers to occur once translation is complete which is how the ribosomes are able to act as a catalyst in the process. Without ribosomes, organisms would not have essential proteins which is a crucial building block for life. Protein of interest Ribosomes synthesize almost all proteins needed by a cell, one including dyskerin. This protein is responsible for maintaining the structure of telomeres, the region of nucleotide sequences located at the end of a chromosome. The telomeres act similar to the aglet of a shoelace, it protects the ends of chromosomes form sticking together, coming apart, or lose genetic material. Dyskerin has also been found to be essential in gene expression since it is involved in the maintenance of telomeres. Dyskerin is
also involved in translation because it keeps the chromosomes intact, regulating the process and maintaining its efficiency by holding the genes in the chromosome together. Genetic disorder
200
Since ribosomes are so important for the synthesis of proteins which are needed for function and metabolism in organisms, when they are defective,
they can cause serious problems. The group of disorders in humans caused by ribosomal abnormalities is call ribosomopathies. One of these ribosomal
diseases includes Dyskeratosis Congenita, an inherited disorder. The disease takes many forms, most commonly X-linked recessive, as it is also more prevalent in men than in women, but some cases include forms that are autosomal dominant and recessive. The disorder is caused by a germline mutation, meaning a gene change occurred in a reproductive cell which then affected the DNA of every cell. The disorder commonly leads to bone marrow failure and in some cases cancer. In one study, a 22-year-
old male presented symptoms of fever and pain, as well as tissue degeneration in his fingers and toes. His bone marrow biopsy revealed some abnormalities, but he seemed to be only slightly anemic. (Shiferaw, Mukka, & et. all). The disorder is more common in men than women because it is X-linked recessive, meaning men only need to receive one copy of the mutation to show the symptoms of discoloration in pigmentation on the skin and anemia. The disorder occurs when dyskerin is
mutated and does not maintain the structure of telomeres. The short and uncontrolled telomeres cause premature cell death as well as chromosomal instability which reduces stem cell reserve. These effects are what lead to bone marrow failure and anemia, as well as the tissue degeneration seen in the case study report. The disorder is very rare and still being researched today to find a treatment to avoid premature mortality. Figure Reference Fox, G.E. (2010). Origin and Evolution of the Ribosome.
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
, 2(9), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2926754/
Ramakrishnan, V., 2002. Ribosome structure and the mechanism of translation.
Cell
,
108
(4), pp.557-572. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867402006190
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Related Questions
Organelle
Biochemical Process
Importance
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Covalent modification and distribution of synthesized proteins
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lipid synthesis
DNA
storage of genetic material
Nucleolus
site for ribosome synthesis
Vesicle
Cell-cell Communication and Transport
Ribosome
a major site for protein synthesis
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please choose correct letter and explain a bit
1. The strongest way by which a protein can maintain its shape is by using:a) ionic bonds
b) disulfide bonds
c) star war forces
d) van der Waals forces
2. If a cell (like an amoeba) would be capable of migrating from one place to another only with movement created from the inside of the cell, then we can say that that movement is done mainly by:
a) glycoproteins
b) feet
c) microtubules
d) actin filaments
True or False: In eukaryotic cells (such as human cells), the variety and diversity of proteins is much less than the variety and diversity of lipids.
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Ribosomes can normally be found in all of the following eukaryotic cell locations except:
the outer nuclear membrane
the rough endoplasmic reticulum
the mitochondrion
the inner nuclear membrane
the chloroplast
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Synthesizes ribosomes
Receives polypeptides from the ER
and modifies them and packages
them for export
Found in both prokaryotes and
eukaryotes, these organelles
synthesize polypeptide chains
Stiff outer coating outside of the
plasma membrane in plants that
provides support and rigidity
Responsible for the breakdown of
toxins and poisons
Organelles believed to have evolved
from the endosymbiosis of an ancient
prokaryote
Used to transport materials around
the cell
Comprised of both a smooth and
rough portion
Used for locomotion
Choose...
Choose...
Choose...
Choose...
Choose...
Choose...
Choose...
Choose...
Choose...
4
«
46
46
47
46
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Found in
Found in
Prokaryotes? Eukaryotes?
Organell:/Structure (Y/N)
(Y/N)
Functions and other notes of importance
Eimbrae
Flagella
Gap junctions
Glycocalyx
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Microvilli
Mitochondrion
Nucleoid
arrow_forward
Organelle
Biochemical Process
Importance
storage of genetic material
site for ribosome synthesis
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Ribosomes can be found on or in which of following:
[Select any/all that apply.]
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
rough endoplasmic reticulum
lysosomes
nucleolus
prokaryotic cells
mitochondria
peroxisome
cytosol
arrow_forward
Dynamic instability is a term that can be applied to which mature cytoskeletal
polymer?
Neither microfilaments nor intermediate filaments
Microfilaments only
Both microfilamers and intermediate filaments
Intermediate filaments only
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Which of the following statements applies to all three major classes of cytoskeletal polymers (microtubules, actin filaments and intermediate filaments)?
They have intrinsic polarity
They assemble from protein subunits synthesized on free polyribosomes
They add subunits only at their ends
They are involved in cell motility
Their constituent proteins are tissue specific
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What major type of molecule contributes to the formation of the cell membrane and what biochemical properties of this molecule promotes the formation
of the membrane? What effect allows this type of molecule to come together to form a bilayer and explain how the effect works?
A▾
B
I
I
e
2
2
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The figure below illustrates the endomembrane system within a eukaryotic cell.
Endomembrane system
3
5
Plasma
membrane
(a) Identify each labeled organelle in the figure and describe its function. Please include the
numerical label in your identification/description.
(b) Explain the relationship between each organelle to demonstrate how each of these or-
ganelles works together to form the endomembrane system.
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Part D - The Golgi Apparatus
Label the diagram below by dragging and dropping the descriptions. Each label will be used only once.
▸ View
Available
Hint(s)
‒‒‒‒‒‒
Transport vesicles
arriving from the
endoplasmic reticulum
Forming (cis) face
Cisternae
Maturing (trans) face
Secretory vesicle
departing for the
plasmalemma
Plasmalemma
Reset Help
Lysosome containing
digestive enzymes
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MAIN IDEA: Eukaryotic cells have an extensive and dynamic framework called a cyto-
skeleton. The cytoskeleton is used for cell shape, internal structure, movement, and cell
division. Many cells are surrounded by and supported by a complex extracellular matrix and
are able to interact with adjacent cells and the environment via cell junctions.
5. List three common components of microtubules and microfilaments.
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Structural and functional features of the lysosomes include
I. internal pH is higher than the cytosol to provide an acidic pH for the enzymes
II. single membrane with a hydrogen ion pump to maintain an acidic pH
III. filled with hydrolytic enzymes that are glycosylated
IV. its contents are delivered by clathrin-coated vesicles from the TGN
II, III, IV only
I, II, III only
I, II, III, IV
I, II, IV only
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Order following for rate of diffusion through a synthetic lipid bilayer. Explain your order.
K+, O2, ethanol, sucrose, tRNA, H2O
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The image below shows a density gradient centrifugation carried out to separate a mixture of lysosomes, peroxisomes and mitochondria
Organelle
mixture
60L
1.11
Centrifuge
1.15
2
1.19
1.22
1.25
Which fraction would you take to obtain mitichondria, and why?
O Fraction 2 because mitochondria contain haemoglobin. giving them a reddish colour
O Fraction 3 because it is the most dense fraction
O It is impossible to decide without further testing
O Fraction 1 because it is the least dense fraction
O Fraction 2, because mitochondria contain haem, giving them a reddish colour
Increasing density of
sucrose (g/cm³)
3.
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The
is the organelle that is formed when an endosome, containing hydrolytic enzymes
necessary for the digestion of the materials, reaches a low pH of approximately 4.5.
lysosome
peroxisome
late endosome
early endosome
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Complete the table below which gives the biochemical systems present on each organelle found on a eukaryotic cell.
Organelle
Biochemical Process
Importance
Site for mRNA translation
oxidative phosphorylation
Actomyosin-driven contractile molecular motors
Cellular Digestion
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Plasma membrane
[ Choose]
Lysosome
[ Choose]
Mitochondria
[ Choose]
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
[
[ Choose ]
Golgi apparatus
V [ Choose ]
Cellular warehouse and shipping area of proteins
Outer boundary of cells
Nuclear membrane
Non membranous, made up two subunits facilitates protein synthesis
Hydrolytic enzymes enclosed in a vesicle
Generates chemical energy of cells
Microtubule
Endomembrane system studded with ribosomes
Membrane containing the genetic material of the cell
Made up of tubulin subunits
Ribosome
(Choose]
Next
Previous
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Identify the three types of cytoskeletal elements by dragging the correct label to each of the three targets.
A Actin filaments
(4)
50 μm
(BI
(0)
B Intermediate
filaments
Microtubules
arrow_forward
Order following for rate of diffusion through a synthetic lipid bilayer. Explain your order.
Cl-, N2, alanine, tRNA, ribose, H2O
arrow_forward
How do treatments for treacher Collins Syndrome disorder help ribosomes do it's normal job? This might need some thinking
Please write it in a summarized/simple way. And include it in bullet points. Thank you so much
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Why do cancer cells treated with vitamin E succinate appear to be more vulnerable to rupture of their lysosomal membranes (and subsequent apoptosis) than normal cells?
cancer cells often have an alkaline cytosol, which destabilizes the alkaline lysosomes
cancer cells often have an alkaline cytosol, which destabilizes the acidic lysosomes
cancer cells often have an acidic cytosol, which destabilizes the alkaline lysosomes
cancer cells often have an acidic cytosol, which destabilizes the acidic lysosomes
all of the above
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Matching cell structures their functions ( please answer all of them )
Answer
Structures
Function
Cholesterol
1. Composed of proteins and rRNAs
Cytosol
2. Region in prokaryotes contains a chromosome
Golgi complex
3. ring of nine outer microtubule doublets (9+2 axoneme)
Plasma membrane
4. Support the cell and protect against plasmolysis
Ribosome
5. Composed of glycoprotein(s) and involved in transferring material into or out of the cell
Lysosomes
6. contain hydrolytic enzymes and involved in autophagy
Receptor
7. Composed of microtubules and sweep mucus out of respiratory tract
Peroxisome
8. Controls which material can get in or out of the cell
Nucleoid
9. Contains chromosomes and has nuclear envelope
Cilia
10. Maintain membrane…
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What is an analogy for a smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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which of the following best describes the structure of the ribosome:
O made of protein only
O prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes are made of different sets of proteins
contains DNA
eukaryotic ribosomes are smaller than porkaryotic ones
O made of identical RNA molecules in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
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Ribosome, mitochondria, and golgi bodies are structures in cell whose forms dictate their physical functions. Describe their function in relation to their structure.
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Protein transport across membranes in the eukaryotic cell can take all of the following forms except:
transport through a narrow transmembrane channel
transport through the octagonal nuclear pores
transport through fusion of vesicles with target organelles
transport from the nucleoid region into the cytosol
none of the above
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- Organelle Biochemical Process Importance Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Covalent modification and distribution of synthesized proteins Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Lipid synthesis DNA storage of genetic material Nucleolus site for ribosome synthesis Vesicle Cell-cell Communication and Transport Ribosome a major site for protein synthesisarrow_forwardplease choose correct letter and explain a bit 1. The strongest way by which a protein can maintain its shape is by using:a) ionic bonds b) disulfide bonds c) star war forces d) van der Waals forces 2. If a cell (like an amoeba) would be capable of migrating from one place to another only with movement created from the inside of the cell, then we can say that that movement is done mainly by: a) glycoproteins b) feet c) microtubules d) actin filaments True or False: In eukaryotic cells (such as human cells), the variety and diversity of proteins is much less than the variety and diversity of lipids.arrow_forwardRibosomes can normally be found in all of the following eukaryotic cell locations except: the outer nuclear membrane the rough endoplasmic reticulum the mitochondrion the inner nuclear membrane the chloroplastarrow_forward
- Synthesizes ribosomes Receives polypeptides from the ER and modifies them and packages them for export Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, these organelles synthesize polypeptide chains Stiff outer coating outside of the plasma membrane in plants that provides support and rigidity Responsible for the breakdown of toxins and poisons Organelles believed to have evolved from the endosymbiosis of an ancient prokaryote Used to transport materials around the cell Comprised of both a smooth and rough portion Used for locomotion Choose... Choose... Choose... Choose... Choose... Choose... Choose... Choose... Choose... 4 « 46 46 47 46arrow_forwardFound in Found in Prokaryotes? Eukaryotes? Organell:/Structure (Y/N) (Y/N) Functions and other notes of importance Eimbrae Flagella Gap junctions Glycocalyx Golgi apparatus Lysosome Microvilli Mitochondrion Nucleoidarrow_forwardOrganelle Biochemical Process Importance storage of genetic material site for ribosome synthesisarrow_forward
- Ribosomes can be found on or in which of following: [Select any/all that apply.] smooth endoplasmic reticulum rough endoplasmic reticulum lysosomes nucleolus prokaryotic cells mitochondria peroxisome cytosolarrow_forwardDynamic instability is a term that can be applied to which mature cytoskeletal polymer? Neither microfilaments nor intermediate filaments Microfilaments only Both microfilamers and intermediate filaments Intermediate filaments onlyarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements applies to all three major classes of cytoskeletal polymers (microtubules, actin filaments and intermediate filaments)? They have intrinsic polarity They assemble from protein subunits synthesized on free polyribosomes They add subunits only at their ends They are involved in cell motility Their constituent proteins are tissue specificarrow_forward
- What major type of molecule contributes to the formation of the cell membrane and what biochemical properties of this molecule promotes the formation of the membrane? What effect allows this type of molecule to come together to form a bilayer and explain how the effect works? A▾ B I I e 2 2arrow_forwardThe figure below illustrates the endomembrane system within a eukaryotic cell. Endomembrane system 3 5 Plasma membrane (a) Identify each labeled organelle in the figure and describe its function. Please include the numerical label in your identification/description. (b) Explain the relationship between each organelle to demonstrate how each of these or- ganelles works together to form the endomembrane system.arrow_forwardPart D - The Golgi Apparatus Label the diagram below by dragging and dropping the descriptions. Each label will be used only once. ▸ View Available Hint(s) ‒‒‒‒‒‒ Transport vesicles arriving from the endoplasmic reticulum Forming (cis) face Cisternae Maturing (trans) face Secretory vesicle departing for the plasmalemma Plasmalemma Reset Help Lysosome containing digestive enzymesarrow_forward
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