| | | Matthews, Brander, ed. (1852–1929). The Oxford Book of American Essays. 1914. | | | | VI. The Mutability of Literature | | | Washington Irving (1783–1859)
| A Colloquy In Westminster Abbey
| | “I know that all beneath the moon decays, | | And what by mortals in this world is brought, | | In time’s great period shall return to nought. | | I know that all the muse’s heavenly lays, | | With toil of sprite which are so dearly bought, | | As idle sounds, of few or none are sought, | | That there is nothing lighter than mere praise.” | | DRUMMOND OF HAWTHORNDEN. |
THERE are certain half-dreaming moods of mind, in which we naturally steal away from noise and glare, and seek some quiet haunt, where we may indulge our reveries and build our air castles undisturbed. In such a mood I was loitering about the old gray cloisters of Westminster Abbey, enjoying that luxury of wandering thought which one is apt to dignify with the name of reflection; when suddenly an interruption of madcap boys from Westminster School, playing at football, broke in upon the monastic stillness of the place, making the vaulted passages and mouldering tombs echo with their merriment. I sought to take refuge from their noise by penetrating still deeper into the solitudes of the pile, and applied to one of the vergers for admission to the library. He conducted me through a portal rich with the crumbling sculpture of former ages, which opened upon a gloomy passage leading to the chapter-house and the chamber in which doomsday book is deposited. Just within the passage is a small door on the left. To this the verger applied a key; it was double locked, and opened with some difficulty, as if seldom used. We now ascended a dark narrow staircase, and, passing through a second door, entered the library. | 1 | | I found myself in a lofty antique hall, the roof supported by massive joists of old English oak. It was soberly lighted by a row of Gothic windows at a considerable height from the floor, and which apparently opened upon the roofs of the cloisters. An ancient picture of some reverend dignitary of the church in his robes hung over the fireplace. Around the hall and in a small gallery were the books, arranged in carved oaken cases. They consisted principally of old polemical writers, and were much more worn by time than use. In the center of the library was a solitary table with two or three books on it, an inkstand without ink, and a few pens parched by long disuse. The place seemed fitted for quiet study and profound meditation. It was buried deep among the massive walls of the abbey, and shut up from the tumult of the world. I could only hear now and then the shouts of the school-boys faintly swelling from the cloisters, and the sound of a bell tolling for prayers, echoing soberly along the roofs of the abbey. By degrees the shouts of merriment grew fainter and fainter, and at length died away; the bell ceased to toll, and a profound silence reigned through the dusky hall. | 2 | | I had taken down a little thick quarto, curiously bound in parchment, with brass clasps, and seated myself at the table in a venerable elbow-chair. Instead of reading, however, I was beguiled by the solemn monastic air, and lifeless quiet of the place, into a train of musing. As I looked around upon the old volumes in their mouldering covers, thus ranged on the shelves, and apparently never disturbed in their repose, I could not but consider the library a kind of literary catacomb, where authors, like mummies, are piously entombed, and left to blacken and moulder in dusty oblivion. | 3 | | How much, thought I, has each of these volumes, now thrust aside with such indifference, cost some aching head! how many weary days! how many sleepless nights! How have their authors buried themselves in the solitude of cells and cloisters; shut themselves up from the face of man, and the still more blessed face of nature; and devoted themselves to painful research and intense reflection! And all for what? to occupy an inch of dusty shelf—to have the title of their works read now and then in a future age, by some drowsy churchman or casual straggler like myself; and in another age to be lost, even to remembrance. Such is the amount of this boasted immortality. A mere temporary rumor, a local sound; like the tone of that bell which has just tolled among these towers, filling the ear for a moment—lingering transiently in echo—and then passing away like a thing that was not. | 4 | | While I sat half murmuring, half meditating these unprofitable speculations with my head resting on my hand, I was thrumming with the other hand upon the quarto, until I accidentally loosened the clasps; when, to my utter astonishment, the little book gave two or three yawns, like one awaking from a deep sleep; then a husky hem; and at length began to talk. At first its voice was very hoarse and broken, being much troubled by a cobweb which some studious spider had woven across it; and having probably contracted a cold from long exposure to the chills and damps of the abbey. In a short time, however, it became more distinct, and I soon found it an exceedingly fluent conversable little tome. Its language, to be sure, was rather quaint and obsolete, and its pronunciation, what, in the present day, would be deemed barbarous; but I shall endeavor, as far as I am able, to render it in modern parlance. | 5 | | It began with railings about the neglect of the world—about merit being suffered to languish in obscurity, and other such commonplace topics of literary repining, and complained bitterly that it had not been opened for more than two centuries; that the dean only looked now and then into the library, sometimes took down a volume or two, trifled with them for a few moments, and then returned them to their shelves. “What a plague do they mean,” said the little quarto, which I began to perceive was somewhat choleric, “what a plague do they mean by keeping several thousand volumes of us shut up here, and watched by a set of old vergers, like so many beauties in a harem, merely to be looked at now and then by the dean? Books were written to give pleasure and to be enjoyed; and I would have a rule passed that the dean should pay each of us a visit at least once a year; or if he is not equal to the task, let them once in a while turn loose the whole school of Westminster among us, that at any rate we may now and then have an airing.” | 6 | | “Softly, my worthy friend,” replied I, “you are not aware how much better you are off than most books of your generation. By being stored away in this ancient library, you are like the treasured remains of those saints and monarchs, which lie enshrined in the adjoining chapels; while the remains of your contemporary mortals, left to the ordinary course of nature, have long since returned to dust.” | 7 | | “Sir,” said the little tome, ruffling his leaves and looking big, “I was written for all the world, not for the bookworms of an abbey. I was intended to circulate from hand to hand, like other great contemporary works; but here have I been clasped up for more than two centuries, and might have silently fallen a prey to these worms that are playing the very vengeance with my intestines, if you had not by chance given me an opportunity of uttering a few last words before I go to pieces.” | 8 | | “My good friend,” rejoined I, “had you been left to the circulation of which you speak, you would long ere this have been no more. To judge from your physiognomy, you are now well stricken in years: very few of your contemporaries can be at present in existence; and those few owe their longevity to being immured like yourself in old libraries; which, suffer me to add, instead of likening to harems, you might more properly and gratefully have compared to those infirmaries attached to religious establishments, for the benefit of the old and decrepit, and where, by quiet fostering and no employment, they often endure to an amazingly good-for-nothing old age. You talk of your contemporaries as if in circulation—where do we meet with their works? what do we hear of Robert Groteste, of Lincoln? No one could have toiled harder than he for immortality. He is said to have written nearly two hundred volumes. He built, as it were, a pyramid of books to perpetuate his name: but, alas! the pyramid has long since fallen, and only a few fragments are scattered in various libraries, where they are scarcely disturbed even by the antiquarian. What do we hear of Giraldus Cambrensis, the historian, antiquary, philosopher, theologian, and poet? He declined two bishoprics, that he might shut himself up and write for posterity; but posterity never inquires after his labors. What of Henry of Huntingdon, who, besides a learned history of England, wrote a treatise on the contempt of the world, which the world has revenged by forgetting him? What is quoted of Joseph of Exeter, styled the miracle of his age in classical composition? Of his three great heroic poems one is lost forever, excepting a mere fragment; the others are known only to a few of the curious in literature; and as to his love verses and epigrams, they have entirely disappeared. What is in current use of John Wallis, the Franciscan, who acquired the name of the tree of life? Of William of Malmsbury;—of Simeon of Durham;—of Benedict of Peterborough;—of John Hanvill of St. Albans;—of—” | 9 | | “Prithee, friend,” cried the quarto, in a testy tone, “how old do you think me? You are talking of authors that lived long before my time, and wrote either in Latin or French, so that they in a manner expatriated themselves, and deserved to be forgotten; 1 but I, sir, was ushered into the world from the press of the renowned Wynkyn de Worde. I was written in my own native tongue, at a time when the language had become fixed; and indeed I was considered a model of pure and elegant English.” | 10 | | (I should observe that these remarks were couched in such intolerably antiquated terms, that I have had infinite difficulty in rendering them into modern phraseology.) | 11 | | “I cry your mercy,” said I, “for mistaking your age; but it matters little: almost all the writers of your time have likewise passed into forgetfulness; and De Worde’s publications are mere literary rarities among book-collectors. The purity and stability of language, too, on which you found your claims to perpetuity, have been the fallacious dependence of authors of every age, even back to the times of the worthy Robert of Gloucester, who wrote his history in rhymes of mongrel Saxon. 2 Even now many talk of Spenser’s ‘well of pure English undefiled,’ as if the language ever sprang from a well or fountain-head, and was not rather a mere confluence of various tongues, perpetually subject to changes and intermixtures. It is this which has made English literature so extremely mutable, and the reputation built upon it so fleeting. Unless thought can be committed to something more permanent and unchangeable than such a medium, even thought must share the fate of everything else, and fall into decay. This should serve as a check upon the vanity and exultation of the most popular writer. He finds the language in which he has embarked his fame gradually altering, and subject to the dilapidations of time and the caprice of fashion. He looks back and beholds the early authors of his country, once the favorites of their day, supplanted by modern writers. A few short ages have covered them with obscurity, and their merits can only be relished by the quaint taste of the bookworm. And such, he anticipates, will be the fate of his own work, which, however it may be admired in its day, and held up as a model of purity, will in the course of years grow antiquated and obsolete; until it shall become almost as unintelligible in its native land as an Egyptian obelisk, or one of those Runic inscriptions said to exist in the deserts of Tartary. I declare,” added I, with some emotion, “when I contemplate a modern library, filled with new works, in all the bravery of rich gilding and binding, I feel disposed to sit down and weep; like the good Xerxes, when he surveyed his army, pranked out in all the splendor of military array, and reflected that in one hundred years not one of them would be in existence!” | 12 | | “Ah,” said the little quarto, with a heavy sigh, “I see how it is; these modern scribblers have superseded all the good old authors. I suppose nothing is read now-a-days but Sir Philip Sydney’s Arcadia, Sackville’s stately plays, and Mirror for Magistrates, or the fine-spun euphuisms of the ‘unparalleled John Lyly.”’ | 13 | | “There you are again mistaken,” said I; “the writers whom you suppose in vogue, because they happened to be so when you were last in circulation, have long since had their day. Sir Philip Sydney’s Arcadia, the immortality of which was so fondly predicted by his admirers, 3 and which, in truth, is full of noble thoughts, delicate images, and graceful turns of language, is now scarcely ever mentioned. Sackville has strutted into obscurity; and even Lyly, though his writings were once the delight of a court, and apparently perpetuated by a proverb, is now scarcely known even by name. A whole crowd of authors who wrote and wrangled at the time, have likewise gone down, with all their writings and their controversies. Wave after wave of succeeding literature has rolled over them, until they are buried so deep, that it is only now and then that some industrious diver after fragments of antiquity brings up a specimen for the gratification of the curious. | 14 | | “For my part,” I continued, “I consider this mutability of language a wise precaution of Providence for the benefit of the world at large, and of authors in particular. To reason from analogy, we daily behold the varied and beautiful tribes of vegetables springing up, flourishing, adorning the fields for a short time, and then fading into dust, to make way for their successors. Were not this the case, the fecundity of nature would be a grievance instead of a blessing. The earth would groan with rank and excessive vegetation, and its surface become a tangled wilderness. In like manner the works of genius and learning decline, and make way for subsequent productions. Language gradually varies, and with it fade away the writings of authors who have flourished their allotted time; otherwise, the creative powers of genius would overstock the world, and the mind would be completely bewildered in the endless mazes of literature. Formerly there were some restraints on this excessive multiplication. Works had to be transcribed by hand, which was a slow and laborious operation; they were written either on parchment, which was expensive, so that one work was often erased to make way for another; or on papyrus, which was fragile and extremely perishable. Authorship was a limited and unprofitable craft, pursued chiefly by monks in the leisure and solitude of their cloisters. The accumulation of manuscripts was slow and costly, and confined almost entirely to monasteries. To these circumstances it may, in some measure, be owing that we have not been inundated by the intellect of antiquity; that the fountains of thought have not been broken up, and modern genius drowned in the deluge. But the inventions of paper and the press have put an end to all these restraints. They have made everyone a writer, and enabled every mind to pour itself into print, and diffuse itself over the whole intellectual world. The consequences are alarming. The stream of literature has swollen into a torrent—augmented into a river—expanded into a sea. A few centuries since, five or six hundred manuscripts constituted a great library; but what would you say to libraries such as actually exist, containing three or four hundred thousand volumes; legions of authors at the same time busy; and the press going on with fearfully increasing activity, to double and quadruple the number? Unless some unforeseen mortality should break out among the progeny of the muse, now that she has become so prolific, I tremble for posterity. I fear the mere fluctuation of language will not be sufficient. Criticism may do much. It increases with the increase of literature, and resembles one of those salutary checks on population spoken of by economists. All possible encouragement, therefore, should be given to the growth of critics, good or bad. But I fear all will be in vain; let criticism do what it may, writers will write, printers will print, and the world will inevitably be overstocked with good books. It will soon be the employment of a lifetime merely to learn their names. Many a man of passable information, at the present day, reads scarcely anything but reviews; and before long a man of erudition will be little better than a mere walking catalogue.” | 15 | | “My very good sir,” said the little quarto, yawning most drearily in my face, “excuse my interrupting you, but I perceive you are rather given to prose. I would ask the fate of an author who was making some noise just as I left the world. His reputation, however, was considered quite temporary. The learned shook their heads at him, for the was a poor half-educated varlet, that knew little of Latin, and nothing of Greek, and had been obliged to run the country for deer-stealing. I think his name was Shakspeare. I presume he soon sunk into oblivion.” | 16 | | “On the contrary,” said I, “it is owing to that very man that the literature of his period has experienced a duration beyond the ordinary term of English literature. There rise authors now and then, who seem proof against the mutability of language, because they have rooted themselves in the unchanging principles of human nature. They are like gigantic trees that we sometimes see on the banks of a stream; which, by their vast and deep roots, penetrating through the mere surface, and laying hold on the very foundations of the earth, preserve the soil around them from being swept away by the ever-flowing current, and hold up many a neighboring plant, and perhaps worthless weed, to perpetuity. Such is the case with Shakspeare, whom we behold defying the encroachments of time, retaining in modern use the language and literature of his day, and giving duration to many an indifferent author, merely from having flourished in his vicinity. But even he, I grieve to say, is gradually assuming the tint of age, and his whole form is overrun by a profusion of commentators, who, like clambering vines and creepers, almost bury the noble plant that upholds them.” | 17 | | Here the little quarto began to heave his sides and chuckle, until at length he broke out in a plethoric fit of laughter that had well nigh choked him, by reason of his excessive corpulency. “Mighty well!” cried he, as soon as he could recover breath, “mighty well! and so you would persuade me that the literature of an age is to be perpetuated by a vagabond deer-stealer! by a man without learning; by a poet, forsooth—a poet!” And here he wheezed forth another fit of laughter. | 18 | | I confess that I felt somewhat nettled at this rudeness, which, however, I pardoned on account of his having flourished in a less polished age. I determined, nevertheless, not to give up my point. | 19 | | “Yes,” resumed I, positively, “a poet; for of all writers he has the best chance for immortality. Others may write from the head, but he writes from the heart, and the heart will always understand him. He is the faithful portrayer of nature, whose features are always the same and always interesting. Prose writers are voluminous and unwieldy; their pages are crowded with commonplaces, and their thoughts expanded into tediousness. But with the true poet everything is terse, touching, or brilliant. He gives the choicest thoughts in the choicest language. He illustrates them by everything that he sees most striking in nature and art. He enriches them by pictures of human life, such as it is passing before him. His writings, therefore, contain the spirit, the aroma, if I may use the phrase, of the age in which he lives. They are caskets which inclose within a small compass the wealth of the language—its family jewels, which are thus transmitted in a portable form to posterity. The setting may occasionally be antiquated, and require now and then to be renewed, as in the case of Chaucer; but the brilliancy and intrinsic value of the gems continue unaltered. Cast a look back over the long reach of literary history. What vast valleys of dullness, filled with monkish legends and academical controversies! what bogs of theological speculations! what dreary wastes of metaphysics! Here and there only do we behold the heaven-illuminated bards, elevated like beacons on their widely-separate heights, to transmit the pure light of poetical intelligence from age to age.” 4 | 20 | | I was just about to launch forth into eulogiums upon the poets of the day, when the sudden opening of the door caused me to turn my head. It was the verger, who came to inform me that it was time to close the library. I sought to have a parting word with the quarto, but the worthy little tome was silent; the clasps were closed: and it looked perfectly unconscious of all that had passed. I have been to the library two or three times since, and have endeavored to draw it into further conversation, but in vain; and whether all this rambling colloquy actually took place, or whether it was another of those odd day-dreams to which I am subject, I have never to this moment been able to discover. | 21 |
| Note 1. “In Latin and French hath many soueraine wittes had great delyte to endite, and have many noble thinges fulfilde, but certes there ben some that speaken their poisye in French, of which speche the Frenchmen have as good a fantasye as we have in hearying of Frenchmen’s Englishe.”—Chaucer’s Testament of Love. [back] | | Note 2. “Holinshed, in his Chronicle, observes, ‘afterwards, also, by deligent travell of Geffry Chaucer and of John Gowre, in the time of Richard the Second, and after them of John Scogan and John Lydgate, monke of Berrie, our said toong was brought to an excellent passe, notwithstanding that it never came unto the type of perfection until the time of Queen Elizabeth, wherein John Jewell, Bishop of Sarum, John Fox, and sundrie learned and excellent writers, have fully accomplished the ornature of the same, to their great praise and immortal commendation.’” [back] | | Note 3. “Live ever sweete booke; the simple image of his gentle witt, and the golden-pillar of his noble courage; and ever notify unto the world that thy writer was the secretary of eloquence, the breath of the muses, the honey-bee of the daintyest flowers of witt and arte, the pith of morale and intellectual virtues, the arme of Bellona in the field, the tonge of Suada in the Chamber, the sprite of Practise in esse, and the paragon of excellency in print.”—Harvey, Pierce’s Supererogation. [back] | Note 4. | | “Thorow earth and waters deepe, | | The pen by skill doth passe: | | And featly nyps the worldes abuse, | | And shoes us in a glasse, | | The vertu and the vice | | Of every wight alyve; | | The honey comb that bee doth make | | Is not so sweet in hyve, | | As are the golden leves | | That drop from poet’s head! | | Which doth surmount our common talke | | As farre as dross doth lead.” | | —Churchyard. |
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- The Flood Has Changed History Forever
- Do You Wear Your Stress As A Badge Of Honour?
- Nike Case Study
- The Romantic Era: The Pain of Composition
Romanticism allowed poets to have the world at their
- Media 's Views On Media
- Genetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )
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- Communication Differences Between Men and Women in the Workplace
- An Insight Into Indian Regional Navigation Satelitte System
- Strategic Planning For Apple Inc
- The Rise of Communism in Russia
- The One And Lonely One
- The World Is Becoming More Complex Day By Day
- Contributions Of Prominent Women 's Islam
- Cerebral Palsy Affects The Lives Of Children And Adults
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- Animal Rights Is Not Just A Philosophy
- The Woman Card Was Written By Jill Lepore 27
- Be John Egbert
Your name is John Egbert and you couldnbt be happier at the moment. Dave and Rose
- Fruit Tree Diversity And Fruit Consumption
- Questions On Clinical Partnerships And Practice
- Are Boycotts So Legal?
- Role Of A Military Contractor, Strong Communication Skills
- A Good Man By Flannery O ' Connor
- The King Of Rock & Roll
- Cyber Bullying And Its Effects On The World Wide Web
- Male Athletes With Bulimia Nervosa
- Beauty Pageants : Harmful Effects On Young Girls
- The Middle Passage - Original Writing
- Dear First Year Writing Assessment Committee
- A Modest Proposal For Preventing The Children Of Poor People
- Generations Of The Harry Potter Fandom : New And Old
- A Brief Note On Malpractice And Liability Issues
- The Family Of The American Family
- Analysis Of ' The Glass Menagerie '
- Analysis Of Acts ' Portrayal Of Receiving The Holy Spirit
- What Truly Separates A Man From A Woman?
- Religion At The University Of Dayton
- The Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare
- Obesity : How Obesity Affects Your Life?
- The Funding On First Nations Reserves
- Effects Of Cognition On Personality Development
- No, En Vogue Can Not Prove A Legitimate Business Interest
- Slavery And The Civil War
- How Can Teachers Use Rewards And Praise?
- Why The Drinking Age During The U.s. Should Be Lowered
- Fiscal Year 2016 Budget Comparison Of The Federal Government And The State Of Colorado
- Should The College Application Process?
- The First Doctor From Doctor Who Said Is The Optimist
- How Asatru Is A Religion That Has Close Ties With Norse Mythology
- What Is Client Centered Theory?
- The Vietnam War : A Close Family Friend Of Mine, By The Name Of Federico
- Evaluation Of A Longitudinal Approach
- Technology And Its Impact On Healthcare
- The Origins Of The First World War
- War Is A State Of Conflict
- Euripides ' Manipulation Of The Myth
- Culture And Lack Of Understanding Between Hmong And Hmong Culture
- Personal Identity Is A Choice Not Dna
- I Felt Your Proposal Was Worth Considering
- The Affordable Care Act Of The United States
- The Space Of Space Travel
- Peter The Great Of The Russian Revolution
- Man With A Film Camera, Directed By Dziga Vertov And Edited
- The Education Of The Early Childhood Education Classroom
- Graduation Rate : Four Years Versus Six Years
- The, This Burns My Heart, By Samuel Park
- Contemporary Civilizations : An Essential Part Of An Individual 's Highest Level Of Achievement
- Gender Roles And Specific Ways
- The Glass Menagerie By Tennessee William
- The Beauty Of The Beholder
- The U.s. Supreme Court
- The Spiritual Worldview By Sigmund Freud
- The Effects Of Domestic Violence Towards Women
- William Shakespeare 's Macbeth And Lady Macbeth
- The Indian Removal Act, By Richard T. Schaefer
- The Twilight Zone By Rod Serling
- Police Officers And Police Officer
- The Roots And Impacts Of Depression
- Society 's Ideology On Crime
- Personal Statement : Understanding My Self
- The Effects Of Music Therapy On Patients
- The Industrial Depression During The 1920 ' S
- United States And The European Union
- The Laptop Is An Amazing Achievement Of Technology
- Are Gender Roles Forced Upon Us?
- The Sugar Producing Energy And Acting As Brain Food
- Summer Speech - Original Writing
- Summary Of ' The Gospel '
- The 's Fastest Growing Drug Problem
- Challenges Facing The Health Care Industry
- Short Story - Life Of Misery-
- The Life Of Sgt. Robert Bales
- My Experience Of My Flight
- The Effects Of Mental Skills On Sports Psychology
- Race, Wrongful Conviction And Exoneration By Earl Smith And Angela J. Hattery
- The Worst Most Stressful Day Ever
- Alternative Treatments For Organ Failure
- The Prevalence Of Smoking During Pregnancy
- Tsar Nicholas II Of Russia
- The Issues With Police Recruitment
- Diet Calories, Weight, Height, And Activity Level I Need For Nutritional Needs
- Being An Ob / Gyn
- I Am Having All Boys No Girls
- Being Diagnosed With Brain Cancer
- Child Labour And Child Labor
- The Invasion, By James S. Hirsch
- The Emancipation Proclamation By President Abraham Lincoln
- The American Civil War, By James M. Mcpherson
- Custom Cabinets Of Prefab Granite Depot
- Sex Trafficking : A Modern Day
- The Role Of An Adult Nurse
- The Boom Of The Sultanate Opened
- The Crucible By Arthur Miller
- Effects Of Dilutions Of Coke On Dissolving Time For Acetaminophen
- The Privatization Of The Florida? S Foster Care System
- The Effects Of Mental Skills On Sports Psychology
- Be Patient For Parking Space
- A Proposal For A Legalization Of Abortion
- Democracy : An Effective Based From The Federal, State, And Local View
- Analysis Of Bill O ' Reilly
- Theu.s. The United States
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- The United States Into Joining World War I
- The War Of World War II
- Florence Nightingale : An Important Aspect Of Professional Nursing Practice
- Civil Rights : Human Rights
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- The Tungurahua Volcano
- Graduation Speech - Original Writing
- Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe
- Animal Abuse Is The Act Of Cruelty And Infliction Of Pain On Non Human Animals
- Opioids And Its Effects On Society
- The Unnamed Man 's Imminent Downfall
- Health Of A Curriculum Of Applied Practicum
- My Experience At The Store
- Short Story : ' Go Set A Watchman '
- The Impact Of Twitter On The New Business
- A Well Regulated Militi The Founding Fathers And The Origins Of Gun Control
- Photography Is The Art Or Practice Of Taking And Processing Photographs
- Does Night Shift Increase Patient Care Errors?
- Obesity Is Defined As A Disorder
- The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde
- The Taming Of The Shrew By William Shakespeare
- In This Class I Have Learned That Sociology Is Everywhere.
- Animal Farm Book, Language Used as an Instrument of Social Control
- What Makes War So A Last War?
- Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc. (Chipotle) is a US based company of Mexican food restaurants that
- Btec Business P4- Strategic Planning
- Freedom to vs. Freedom from
- A Research Study On Babson Students
- The Most Essential Stage Of My Adolescent Years
- As We Advanced From The 20Th Century To The 21St Century
- Masters Program : System Control And Mechatronics
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- Chinua Achebe 's Things Fall Apart
- Reproductive Health Knowledge And Unsafe Induced Abortion Among Female Adolescent
- Early Childhood Development : A Social And Cultural Context ( Maggi 2010 )
- Java Version Used Build 1.5
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- I 'm Better Than You
- The Value Of Higher Education
- Cyber Crime Costs And Its Effects On The World
- Asian American Identity Development Model
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- Ikea Case Study
- A Brief Note On The International Personality Item Pool
- Project Report On Computer Applications
- Controlling The Costs Of Healthcare
- William Shakespeare 's King Lear
- Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima, By Wilfred Burchett
- The Engineering Excellence Team Is Responsible For Product Safety
- The Ford Focus Rs : The Best Car
- Philosophy Is The Ultimate Love For Wisdom
- Social Media 's Influence On Gendered Adolescents
- Prostitution Is A Sensitive, Hot, And Controversial Topic
- Calculating And Measuring Racial Disparity
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- The Fear Of Being Alone
- The Contrasting Views of Roger Williams and John Winthrop
- critical review on the strengths and weaknesses of the proposal on youth leaders training programme for the 21st century
- A Mouth Sweeter Than Salt Review
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- Cybercrime : Public And Private Entities Face Challenges
- I Am When I Started A Counselor
- Summary Of ' Kill A Mockingbird '
- Irish Breakfast Cereal Market
- Extreme Programming : A Successful Customer Satisfactions
- Rhetorical Analysis Of `` Newgenics `` By Edwin Black, And `` A Pragmatic Optimism Of Enhancement Technologies ``
- A Graduate Program Director And Committee Members
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- Controversial Art
- After The Holidays And Winter Break, Most College Students
- Unique Juvenile Situations Faced by Correctional Officers
- Measuring Personality Through Language Is A Well Developed Area Of Psychological Research
- Change in the Victorian Period. the Role of Women.
- Tmp Thesis Statement. Implementing A Comprehensive Training
- The History Of Hiv And Aids
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- In this lab, we explore the effects of natural selection on a snail population in two separate
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- My First Chose Over For Dinner
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- Mental Health Care : Intentional Misdiagnosis Of Mental Disorders
- The Rise Of Oxygen From Earth 's Early Ocean And Atmosphere
- I Do Not Recall My Parents Ever Reading
- Sex From Greta Christina 's Paper ' Are We Having Sex Now Or What?
- I Want For Alpha Pi Alpha Sigma Pi Sigma
- `` Being Wrong : Adventures Of The Margin Of Error, By Kathryn Schulz
- The Key Game By Ida Fink
- Theory Of Free Will Through Experimentation
- The Personality Traits Of The Best Person I Have Ever Met
- An Article On The National Marriage Project
- The Five Eighty Eight By John Cheever
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- What A Terrible Blight That Would Be On The Heart Of A Free, Intelligent Father
- Hazing And Its Effect On Society
- The Devil 's Arithmetic By Jane Yolen
- The Effects Of Global Warming On The Earth
- America 's Elder Population Is Living Longer
- The Importance Of Competencies For The 21st Century
- The Outer Banks Of North Carolina
- Effects Of Prison Sentence And Reintegration
- Personal Statement : The Ultimate Gift
- Everyday Use By Alice Walker
- The Invention Of Light Microscope By Robert Hooke
- The Storm And The Story Of An Hour
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- The Tenure Of Former United States Secretary Of Defense
- The Manager Of The Riverdale Art Walk
- Is Google Making Us Stupid?
- The Death Penalty Is Immoral And Violates Human Rights
- Choosing A Career Path Of Becoming A Police Officer
- Why Is Making An Effective Message?
- The Greatest Fear Of Death
- Gender, Gender And Gender Identity
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- My Campus Interview Project : Mark Conway Of The College Of Saint Benedict
- Sample Letter For A Fraud Investigation
- The Platform Of Differentiated Instruction
- Applying The New Framework For Hobby Lobby
- An Early Pregnancy Is No Fairy Tale
- The Syrian Refugee Crisis
- My Specific Field Is Important Parts Of Being An Expert
- President Obama 's Last State Of The Union Address
- Academic Challenges Within The Campus And College Community
- Do I Make Money Or Does Money Make Me?
- Women Of A Slave Girl By Harriet Jacobs
- Analysis Of Beats Plastic And Its Effects On Our Natural Environment
- Social Media And Its Impact On Society
- Learning The Ropes : How Freshman Conduct Course Research
- Why Should We Learn About It?
- Self Discipline, Hard Work, And Drive
- The Black Rat
- A Comparison Of Cimon 's Exile And Return ( Plutarch 136 )
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