Option (a):

When the temperature reduces from 80 degrees Fahrenheit to 50 degrees Fahrenheit, water become colder. Hence, the individual will not prefer to swim at this temperature.

Option (b):

When the meeting time of the introductory economics course is arranged from 11.00 AM to 7.30 AM, an individual would not have an incentive to attend the lectures since the opportunity cost of spending time for the basics is greater. Thus, people would not prefer to attend the basic class in the morning time.

Option (c):

When the number of questions are reduced, which is directly related to the text, it is a disincentive for the student to read the text more since he would get less marks by reading the text.

Option (d):

People usually have an economizing behavior since people prefer more benefit with low cost. When the price of beef increases, an individual will prefer to buy less of that commodity. Instead, he will purchase other substitutes that would be less costly than beef.

Option (e):

An individual usually has a strong tendency to build more units of rental houses, when the rate of rental house increases. Since this will help an individual to earn higher income. Hence, decision making of an individual is generally based on the benefit that he gets.