Sample Solution from
Organic Chemistry
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781305580350
Chapter 1
Problem 1.20P
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Textbook Problem

Write the ground-state electron configuration for each atom. After each atom is its atomic number in parentheses.

  1. (a) Sodium (11)
  2. (b) Magnesium (12)
  3. (c) Oxygen (8)
  4. (d) Nitrogen (7)

Expert Solution

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The ground state electronic configuration of sodium has to written when the atom is its atomic number in parentheses.

Concept introduction:

Electronic configuration:

The electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.

  1. 1. Electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals. The increasing order of orbital energy is s, p, d and f. The lowest energy orbital is 1s. The energy order of the orbital for the first three period is given below,

    1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, and 3p.

  2. 2. The orbital which is closer to the nucleus has lower energy, therefore the 2s is lower in energy than 3s. Accordingly 2s is lower in energy than 2p and 4s is lower in energy than 3d.
  3. 3. In general, the orbitals can hold maximum of two electrons, the two electrons must have opposite spin.

The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below, 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p, 8s, ...

Explanation of Solution

The electronic configuration is based on the electrons in the atom. The sodium has eleven electrons.

The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below, 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p, 8s, ...

Therefore ground state electronic configuration of sodium is 1s22s22p63s1 (eleven electrons).

Expert Solution

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The ground state electronic configuration of Magnesium has to written when the atom is its atomic number in parentheses.

Concept introduction:

Electronic configuration:

The electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.

  1. 1. Electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals. The increasing order of orbital energy is s, p, d and f. The lowest energy orbital is 1s. The energy order of the orbital for the first three period is given below,

    1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, and 3p.

  2. 2. The orbital which is closer to the nucleus has lower energy, therefore the 2s is lower in energy than 3s. Accordingly 2s is lower in energy than 2p and 4s is lower in energy than 3d.
  3. 3. In general, the orbitals can hold maximum of two electrons, the two electrons must have opposite spin.

The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below, 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p, 8s, ...

Explanation of Solution

The electronic configuration is based on the electrons in the atom. The Magnesium has twelve electrons.

The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below, 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p, 8s, ...

Therefore ground state electronic configuration of Magnesium is 1s22s22p63s2 (twelve electrons).

Expert Solution

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The ground state electronic configuration of oxygen has to written when the atom is its atomic number in parentheses.

Concept introduction:

Electronic configuration:

The electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.

  1. 1. Electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals. The increasing order of orbital energy is s, p, d and f. The lowest energy orbital is 1s. The energy order of the orbital for the first three period is given below,

    1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, and 3p.

  2. 2. The orbital which is closer to the nucleus has lower energy, therefore the 2s is lower in energy than 3s. Accordingly 2s is lower in energy than 2p and 4s is lower in energy than 3d.
  3. 3. In general, the orbitals can hold maximum of two electrons, the two electrons must have opposite spin.

The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below, 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p, 8s, ...

Explanation of Solution

The electronic configuration is based on the electrons in the atom. The oxygen has eight electrons.

The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below, 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p, 8s, ...

Therefore ground state electronic configuration of oxygen is 1s22s22p4 (eight electrons).

Expert Solution

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The ground state electronic configuration of nitrogen has to written when the atom is its atomic number in parentheses.

Concept introduction:

Electronic configuration:

The electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.

  1. 1. Electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals. The increasing order of orbital energy is s, p, d and f. The lowest energy orbital is 1s. The energy order of the orbital for the first three period is given below,

    1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, and 3p.

  2. 2. The orbital which is closer to the nucleus has lower energy; therefore the 2s is lower in energy than 3s. Accordingly 2s is lower in energy than 2p and 4s is lower in energy than 3d.
  3. 3. In general, the orbitals can hold maximum of two electrons, the two electrons must have opposite spin.

The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below, 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p, 8s, ...

Explanation of Solution

The electronic configuration is based on the electrons in the atom. The nitrogen has seven electrons.

The subshell ordering by Aufbau principle is given below, 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p, 8s, ...

Therefore ground state electronic configuration of nitrogen is 1s22s22p3 (seven electrons).

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