Chapter 3 Handout

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University of Alabama *

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210

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Accounting

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Feb 20, 2024

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AC 210 – Chapter 3 The Income Statement A. Understand the Business 1. Operating Activities - Day-to-day functions involved in running a business, such as a. Buying goods and services from suppliers and employees. b. Paying cash to suppliers and employees. c. Selling goods and services to customers. d. Collecting cash from customers. 2. Makes up the primary source of revenues and expenses. Can determine if core operations are profitable. a. Operating Cycle - The period from buying goods and services through to collecting cash from customers. 1. The length of the cycle varies from company to company. B. Income Statement 1. Equation: _Revenue – Expense = Net Income a. Revenue is recorded when the company fulfills its promise to transfer control of a good or service to a customer, regardless of when the customer pays the company. 1. What did the company “earn” this month? b. Expense are recorded when the company uses up its resources to generate revenues during the period, regardless of when the company pays for the resources, 1. What did the company “use or incur” this month? c. Net Income indicates the profitability of company operations. 1. Stockholders’ equity increases by the amount of Net income 2. Net Income is a total and not an account 2. Time-Period Assumption - dividing the company’s long life into shorter chunks such as months, quarters, and years. C. Cash Basis Accounting Vs. Accrual Basis Accounting 1. Cash Basis Accounting – records revenues when cash is received and expenses when cash is paid. a. Cash, Common Stock, and Retained Earnings are the only accounts on the Balance Sheet. All other cash inflows are treated as Revenue, and cash outflows are Expenses. b. Not likely to correspond to the business activities that occur during a given period. c. Leads to a distorted view of the company’s financial performance
2. Accrual Basis Accounting – records revenues when earned and expenses when incurred, regardless of the timing of cash receipts or payments. a. More accurately measures the profits arising from the company’s activities. b. Only acceptable method for external reporting of income. Example: Jen operates a housecleaning business. On Wednesday, May 25 th , Jen sends one of her employees to clean the Jones’ house. Jen emails an invoice of $100 to the Jones family to be paid in 7 days. Friday, May 27 th , Jen pays her employee $60 for the time spent cleaning the Jones’ house. The Jones Family pays their open invoice on the due date, June 1 st . Prepare the following using cash-basis vs. accrual-basis accounting based on the scenario above. What is the main difference? Timing of Revenue or Expense recognition D. The Expanded Accounting Equation 1. The Accounting Equation: _Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity___________________ a. Stockholders’ equity includes two accounts: Common Stock and Retained Earnings 2. Revenues and expenses eventually flow into RE through Net Income, as seen on the Statement of Retained Earnings. a. Revenue and expense journal entries are NOT recorded to retained earnings. b. When recording Revenues and expenses are recorded using debits in credits based upon how stockholders’ equity accounts are affected: 1. More Revenue, More Net Income, More Retained Earnings - Credit 2. More Expenses, Less Net Income, Less Retained Earnings - Debit Cash Basis May (No cash received, but cash paid) June (No cash paid, but cash is received) Revenues 0 Revenues 100 Expenses (60) Expenses 0 Net Income (Loss) (60) Net Income (Loss) 100 Accrual Basis May (Revenue earned and expenses incurred) June (No Revenue or Expense) Revenues 100 Revenues 0 Expenses (60) Expenses 0 Net Income (Loss) 40 Net Income (Loss) 0
E. Revenue Recognition Principle 1. Recognize revenue in the time period in which it is Earn. When? How Much? 2. 5 Steps: 1. Identify the contract between the seller and the customer 2. Identify the seller’s performance obligations 3. Determine the transaction price 4. Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations 5. Recognize revenue when (or as) each performance obligation is satisfied 3. Because revenues are based on the work done, not the cash received, three possible cases exist: 1. Cash before Revenue is earned 2. Cash at the time Revenue is earned 3. Cash received after revenue is earned Analyzing and Recording Journal Entries for September Transactions. 1. In September, MoKicks sold shoes for $3,000 online to customers; customers paid online, and payments were deposited immediately into MoKicks’s account. Analyze Trans. Assets = Liabilities + SE Account Name Amount Account Name Amount Account Name Amount 1. Cash +3,000 Sales Revenue +3,000 Record Trans Account Debit Credit 1. Cash (A+) 3,000 Sales Revenue (R, +SE) 3,000
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