ACC 310 Chapter 3 - Review Questions & Cases

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Christopher Davis Chapter 3 – Questions & Cases ACC 310 Sec O1 Questions For Review of Key Topics Q 3–1 Describe the purpose of the balance sheet. The purpose of the balance sheet is to provide a classified list of a company’s assets, liabilities, and equity to determine liquidity and long-term solvency. This gives the financial statement user a snapshot of the company’s financial position at a point in time. Q 3–2 Explain why the balance sheet does not portray the market value of the entity. The balance sheet does not equal a company’s market value due to (1) many long-term assets being measured at their historical costs rather than at fair value, and (2) intangible, valuable resources, such as skill-level of employees and market loyalty, that contribute to profit generation, but are not recorded on the balance sheet and reflected in the book value of a company. Q 3–3 Define current assets and list the typical asset categories included in this classification. Current assets include cash and other assets that are expected to be converted to cash or consumed within one year or one operating cycle (whichever is longer). Current assets are typically categorized as (1) cash & cash equivalents, (2) short-term investments, (3) accounts receivable, (4) inventory, or (5) prepaid expenses. Q 3–4 Define current liabilities and list the typical liability categories included in this classification. Current liabilities are obligations expected to be satisfied using current assets, or the creation of other current liabilities, within one year or one operating cycle (whichever is longer). Current liabilities are typically categorized as (1) accounts payable, (2) notes payable, (3) deferred revenues, (4) accrued liabilities, or (5) current maturities of long-term debt. Q 3–5 Describe what is meant by an operating cycle for a typical manufacturing company. 1
Christopher Davis Chapter 3 – Questions & Cases ACC 310 Sec O1 An operating cycle for a manufacturing company refers to the period of time from which the company pays cash for the purchase of raw materials to when the company collects cash for the sale of finished products made from those raw materials. Q 3–6 Explain the difference(s) between investments in equity securities classified as current assets versus those classified as long-term (noncurrent) assets. Investments in equity securities are classified as current assets when management has the ability and intent to sell them within either one year or one operating cycle (whichever is longer). If management is not able to, or does not intend to, sell these investments within a one year (operating cycle) period, then they are classified as long-term assets. Q 3–7 Describe the common characteristics of assets classified as property, plant, and equipment and identify some assets included in this classification. Assets classified as property, plant, and equipment are typically tangible, long-lived assets used in the primary revenue-generating operations of the business. These assets can include company headquarter buildings, production machinery, fleet trucks, and land held for future use in production operations. Q 3–8 Distinguish between property, plant, and equipment and intangible assets. Whereas property, plant, and equipment assets have a physical substance, intangible assets do not. Intangible assets also have the unique ability to be developed internally rather than purchased from an external source. Another difference is that intangible assets are amortized rather than depreciated, though the general calculation is still the similar. Q 3–9 Explain how each of the following liabilities would be classified in the balance sheet: A note payable of $100,000 due in five years A note payable of $100,000 payable in annual installments of $20,000 each, with the first installment due next year (1) A note payable due in five years would be classified as a long-term liability in the balance sheet at its full value of $100,000. 2
Christopher Davis Chapter 3 – Questions & Cases ACC 310 Sec O1 (2) A note payable due in annual installments would be divided among a current liability set at $20,000 for the installment due within one year and a long-term liability set at $80,000 for the installments due in subsequent years. As each year passes, the current installment of $20,000 would be reclassified as a current liability as the long-term liability is drawn down. Q 3–10 Define the terms paid-in capital and retained earnings. Paid-in capital is the amount that shareholders have invested in the company. Retained earnings represents the accumulated net income reported by a company since its inception minus all dividends distributed to shareholders. Q 3–11 Disclosure notes are an integral part of the information provided in financial statements. In what ways are the notes critical to understanding the financial statements and to evaluating the firm’s performance and financial health? These notes provide information about the preferred accounting methods used by the company, material events that affect the company’s financial position after the reporting period, and significant related-party transactions that are necessary to evaluate the financial statements. This information contributes to an investors’/creditors’ understanding of the results of operations, financial position, and cash flows of the company. Q 3–12 A summary of the company’s significant accounting policies is a required disclosure. Why is this disclosure important to external financial statement users? Knowing the accounting methods used to derive certain financial statement numbers is critical to assessing the adequacy of those amounts. Q 3–13 Define a subsequent event. A subsequent event is an event that has a material effect on the company’s financial position which occurs after the fiscal year-end but before the financial statements are issued. Q 3–14 Every annual report of a public company includes an extensive discussion and analysis provided by the company’s management. Specifically, which aspects of the company must this discussion address? Isn’t management’s perspective too biased to be of use to investors and creditors? 3
Christopher Davis Chapter 3 – Questions & Cases ACC 310 Sec O1 In the discussion and analysis section, management provides its views on significant events, trends, and uncertainties pertaining to the company’s operations, liquidity, and capital resources. Though management’s perspective in this section is biased in the company’s favor, it can offer an informed insight that might not be available elsewhere about topics such as future plans, operational intent, etc. Q 3–15 What is a proxy statement? What information does it provide? A proxy statement is an SEC requirement for financial statement disclosures on compensation to directors and executives. The statement also invites shareholders to the annual meeting to elect board members and to vote on issues before the shareholders or to vote by proxy. Q 3–16 The auditor’s report provides the analyst with an independent and professional opinion about the fairness of the representations in the financial statements. What are the four main types of opinion an auditor of a public company might issue? Describe each. (1) An auditor issues an unqualified opinion when the auditor ensures that the financial statements are presented in conformity with GAAP. (2) An auditor issues an unqualified with an explanatory or emphasis paragraph when the auditor believes the financial statements are in conformity with GAAP, but feels that other important information needs to be emphasized to financial statement users. (3) An auditor issues a qualified opinion when either the audit process has been limited in scope or there has been a departure from GAAP, but neither is of sufficient seriousness to invalidate the financial statements as a whole. (4) An auditor issues an adverse opinion when the auditor has specific knowledge that financial statements or disclosures are seriously misstated or misleading. If the auditor is not able to gather specific information, then a disclaimer is issued. Q 3–17 Define the terms working capital, current ratio, and acid-test ratio (or quick ratio). 4
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