Bones+study+guide+axial.docx

Bone markings Know these bone markings: notch, groove, fossa, foramen, meatus, fissure, sinus, head, condyle, epicondyle, facet, tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter, malleolus, process, protuberance, spine, line crest Depressions/holes/grooves ________________ - Narrow slit-like opening in a bone ________________ - A cavity within the bone ________________ - Indentation at the edge of a bone structure ________________ - a long, linear depression that houses nerves or blood vessels ________________ - Round or oval opening in a bone ________________ - A tube-like structure extending into bone ________________ - shallow basin-like depression in a bone Projections/surfaces ________________ - Smooth, nearly flat articular surface ________________ - Bony expansion at the end of a bone that fits into a socket of another bone ________________ - Bump on top of or beside condyle, attachment point for muscles ________________ - Narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest ________________ - Large blunt elevations specifically on the sides of the femur ________________ - The bony prominences on the sides of the ankles formed by the tibia and fibula ________________ - Rounded projection, often in pairs, for articulating with other joints ________________ - Raised, prominent ridge of bone ________________ - Sharp narrow projection useful for attaching muscles or ligaments The following terms have similar definitions, so I won’t ask you to differentiate between them, but I COULD still ask you to be able to recognize specific ones, like the greater/lesser tubercles of the humerus, ischial tuberosity, or the mastoid process. Tubercle – small rounded prominence, often for muscle or ligament attachment Tuberosity – larger prominence, in varying shapes, also for muscle and ligament attachment Process – general term for bony outgrowth of a larger bone Protuberance - similar to processes, swelling, bulging or protruding parts of bone

Movements Name the type of movement that is being described. Know these terms: Flexion, extension, hyperextension, rotation (lateral, medial), supination, pronation, circumduction, abduction, adduction, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, opposition, inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, protrusion, retrusion, elevation, depression Example questions: Tilting your head to your chin is ______________ Spreading your arms out to the side is _______________ of the arms Bringing arms from outstretched back down to your sides is _______________ of the arms Rotating your forearms to position the hands to type with a keyboard is ___________________ Rotating your forearms to cup your hands is _________________ Shaking your head no is __________________ Lifting your shoulders to shrug them is _________________ Opening your mouth wide involves _______________ of the mandible Biting your upper lip requires ______________ of the mandible

Joint types Given a particular joint in the body, be able to identify what type of joint it is. The different joint types are classified as Fibrous: Suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis Cartilaginous: Synchondrosis, Symphysis Synovial : Plane, Hinge, Pivot, Condylar, Saddle, Ball and Socket For letters A-L, label each joint with which type of joint it is (one of them is used twice).

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