Workshop 1 - Thoracic Walls and Lungs-1

.pdf

School

University of Melbourne *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

MISC

Subject

Anatomy

Date

Oct 30, 2023

Type

pdf

Pages

Uploaded by DeanGazellePerson612

Workshop 1 - Thoracic Walls and Lungs Resources for Preparation and for the Class 1. Work through this material from your textbook or online resources BEFORE you come to class 2. Work through ‘Anatomedia: Thorax Module’, System frames 1 -21 and Regional frames 1-18 http://www.anatomediaonline.com.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/ 3. Explore Acland’s Video Anatomy https://aclandanatomy.com/ Videos 3.2.1 – 3.2.9, 3.2.16, 5.1.11-5.1.13 4. Read pages 1-9 of the Thorax component of 'Practical Anatomy: Guide and Dissector' Learning Tasks Face-to-face classes: Use prosected human cadaveric material, plastinated specimens, bones and anatomical models to work through the following learning tasks in your face-to-face practical class. Thoracic cage Examine an articulated thoracic cage . Identify the ribs, costal cartilages, thoracic vertebrae , and the three bones that make up the sternum . Which of these form the border of the thoracic inlet and outlet ? Identify the manubrium, body and xiphoid process of the sternum. Where is the sternal angle ? What is it formed by? What is the significance of the horizontal plane that passes through this point? Count out each rib . Where is the best place to start counting ribs? Confirm which ribs are true, false and floating . 1. Examine a number of different ribs. Identify a typical rib . Note its head, neck, tubercle, articular facets, shaft, costal groove and angle . Use an articulated skeleton to determine which of the facets articulate with the body and transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae . Identify as many atypical ribs as possible. What are the features that make these different to typical ribs? Rib 1, 11 and 12 are good examples. Find the scalene tubercle and subclavian grooves on rib 1. 2. Examine a sternum . Identify the manubrium, jugular notch, clavicular notch , the location of the articulation with the 1 st costal cartilage; the body of the sternum , the location of the articulations with the 2 nd to 7 th costal cartilages; the xiphoid process . Where is the manubriosternal joint ? What vertebral level does this correspond to? 3. Examine a scapula . Identify the superior and inferior angle, the spine, the acromium process and the coracoid process . Examine a clavicle and note its shape. Why is its shape important? 4. Examine one of the thoracic vertebrae . Identify its body, pedicles, transverse processes, laminae, spinous process, vertebral canal, superior and inferior demifacets (on the body), and superior and inferior articular facets . What do each of these facets articulate with? Consider the orientation of the articular facets and predict the plane in which this allows the thoracic vertebral column to move. In an articulated vertebral column, identify the intervertebral foramina and consider what important structures come out of this.

Thoracic Walls and Diaphragm 5. Examine the thoracic walls. Identify skin, subcutaneous fat, muscle and deep fascia . Identify the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, serratus posterior and subclavius muscles . Confirm their attachments. Predict the action of these muscles based on their attachments. Confirm the action on an articulated skeleton. How does your answer compare to what is in your textbooks and lecture material? 6. Examine the intercostal spaces . Identify the external, internal and intercostal muscles . Which directions do their muscle fibres run in? Where are there deficiencies in each of these muscles? Can you identify the external intercostal membrane ? Identify the intercostal artery, vein and nerve . Note their proximity to the rib above it. In which order do they appear from the rib downwards? If you had to place a needle though the intercostal space, where would you do so and why? 7. Examine a prosection of the posterior thoracic wall. Identify the sympathetic trunk, sympathetic chain ganglia, rami communicantes, spinal nerves exiting the intervertebral foramen, posterior intercostal arteries branching from the thoracic aorta and posterior intercostal veins draining into the azygous system of veins. Can you see the intercostal vessels and nerves disappear between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles? 8. Examine the posterior surface of the anterior thoracic wall. Identify the transverse thoracis muscle, intercostal spaces, intercostal vessels and nerves, internal thoracic arteries and veins . Where do the internal thoracic vessels come from or drain to? 9. Examine specimens that contain the diaphragm . Identify the attachments of the muscle, including the xiphoid process, lower costal cartilages, lower ribs and crura . Confirm that the left and right crura have different attachments to the vertebral bodies. Identify the central tendon . Can you find a specimen with the phrenic nerve innervating the diaphragm muscle? Locate the openings of the oesophagus, the inferior vena cava and the aorta . At which vertebral levels do each of these pass through the diaphragm? What might be the effect of contraction of the diaphragm on some of these structures? Can you identify any other structures that pierce the diaphragm? Airways, Lungs and Pleura 10. Examine the trachea . Note the level at which it begins. What cartilage is it attached to superiorly? Confirm that it bifurcates inferiorly at the Plane of Louis/transverse thoracic plane . What else is significant about this plane? Where does this cartilaginous support of the trachea stop? 11. Find a lung that has had part of its medial surface dissected to expose the branches of the bronchi. Identify the main bronchi, the lobar bronchi and the segmental bronchi . Do any of these differ in the left and right lungs? Note also that the pulmonary vessels have a branching pattern that follows the airways. 12. Examine the right lung . Identify the apex and base, the superior, middle and inferior lobes separated by the horizontal and oblique fissures . Follow the fissures around all surfaces of the lung. Note the shallow cardiac impression , the impressions for the azygous vein, the superior vena cava, the right brachiocephalic vein, the ribs and the right dome of the diaphragm . At the hilum of the right lung, identify the pulmonary ligament, the bronchi, the pulmonary artery and veins, hilar (bronchopulmonary) lymph nodes and bronchial vessels . What part of the bronchial tree enters

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version