OUTLINE OF THE HEART ANATOMY TEST

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Florida SouthWestern State College, Fort Myers *

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1085C

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Anatomy

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Oct 30, 2023

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docx

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OUTLINE OF THE HEART ANATOMY  Heart Attack – Myocardial Infarction  Heart Failure – Congestive Heart Failure  Mediastinum – heart location- thoracic cavity, between the lungs  Pericardium – sac around the heart that prevents friction with lubricating fluids.  Pericarditis – is inflammation of the pericardium – sounds like sandpaper.  Myocardium – contracting layer of the heart, swirling fibers increase contractibility. Thicker on the left side.  Endocardium – inner layer.  Intercalated discs are junctions between cardiac muscle cells, the heart is the ONLY muscle with these, no other tissue has it. Gap junction between the cells is like extension cords attaching it all together. Desmosomes provide mechanical strength.  Aorta – the largest artery in the body  Coronary arteries – the first vessels that branch off the aorta. Delivers oxygenated blood to the myocardium. (Contracting layer of heart)  The aorta carries oxygenated blood through the entire body and the heart will always feed itself first.  LAD- Left Anterior Descending Artery. This is the most commonly clogged artery that causes heart attacks.  CABG- Coronary Artery Bypass Graft  Atrium – TOP chambers  Ventricle – BOTTOM chambers  Deoxygenated blood always enters the right side of the heart.  PULMONARY VEINS are the ONLY veins that carry OXYGENATED blood to the heart. (From lungs to heart) All other veins carry DEOXYGENATED blood.  Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. (Think of it as going to the lungs to fill up with air)  Inter atrial Septum – separates left and right atria.  Inter ventricular Septum – separates left and right ventricles.  Atrioventricular valves are the TRISCUPID (right side) and the BISCUPID MITRAL (left side)  Semilunar valves are aortic or pulmonic valves.

 Chordae tendineae – keep the atrioventricular valves open during atrial contraction. (heartstrings!!) Papillary muscles assist and anchor these.  Trabeculae carneae pull on the chordae tendineae.  Systemic veins is where DE oxygenated blood flow starts in the RIGHT side of the heart.  Lungs is where OXYGENATED blood flow starts in the LEFT side of the heart.  Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the LEFT side to the rest of the body.  Pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the RIGHT side to the lungs. CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIALS  Cardiac muscles contain two types of cells. o Pacemaker cells- They are in the SA and AV nodes. The pacemaker cells generates action potential that triggers muscles cells to contract. (myocytes) Pacemaker cells make up 1% of the heart cells. o Contractile cells- (cardiac myocytes) are presented in the atria and the ventricles and the cardiac myocytes respond to stimulation from the pacemaker cells and cause the heart muscles to contract. They make up 99% of heart cells.  Pacemaker action potential- CALCIUM is the first ion that stimulates first action potential.  Cardiac Myocytes action potential- SODIUM influx.  Cardiac Contractile cells have a plateau phase and pacemaker cells do not!!  Electrical Conduction of the Heart: o SA NODE (FIRES FIRST ACTION POTENTIAL) o AV NODE (BREAK TO LET CELLS RESET OR REST) o BUNDLE OF HIS (SORTS OUT THE SIGNAL) o BUNDLE BRANCHES L&R (DELIVERS TO RESPECTIVE VENTRICLES) o PURKINJIE FIBERS (CAUSES COORDINATED AND POWERFUL CONTRACTIONS OF THE VENTRICLE) 3`

HEART PATHOLOGIES  Myocardial Infarction – heart attack.  Atrial Septal defect – congenital heart defect, unclosed hole in the wall (septum) between the atria.  Congestive Heart Failure – the inability for the heart to pump effectively. Causes pulmonary edema.  Tetralogy of fallot- combination of 4 birth defects. The inability of the heart to deliver oxygen throughout the body. Life threatening.  Coarctation of the aorta – narrowing of the aorta.  Patent foramen- occurs only AFTER birth RANDOMS (because my notes were messy lol)  First branch off the aorta is for the left arm and the head.  Ligamentum arteriosus- is a small ligament attaching the aorta to the pulmonary artery.  Auricle (or appendages)- ear like flaps  Area that separates between the ventricles is called Interatrial Septum (TOP) and Interventricular Septum (BOTTOM)  Carotid Sinus- lowers BP when it raises by releasing ACETYLCHOLINE.  Atrial reflex- raises BP  Tachycardia- HR over 100 BPM at rest.  Parasympathetic stimulation- slows shit down  Vagus nerve- plays a major role in the nervous system and stimulates heart muscles to lower heart rate.  Sympathetic system releases hormones to accelerate the heart rate. (epinephrine and norepinephrine)  Atrial Natriuretic Peptide is the ONLY hormone that lowers BP (vasodilation)  Bradycardia- Low HR of less than 60 BPM at rest

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 Echo- measures ejection fraction. 55% or less means bad heart. Failure or a heart attack.  Short term exercise has a greater o2 demand and increased HR  Long term exercise has a lowered HR because it is conditioned. HR will initially go up, and then it will go down.  Cardiomegaly- enlarged heart.  Myocardium- thickened part of the heart. ELECTROCARDIOGRAM CARDIAC CYCLE AND HEART SOUNDS *EKG SOUNDWAVES:  Atrial depolarization- P wave  Ventricular depolarization- QRS segment  Ventricular repolarization- T wave *CARDIAC CYCLE:  One complete heartbeat or pumping cycle.  Systole- Contraction  Diastole- relaxation  Both atria contract simultaneously  As the atria relax, both ventricles contract, then relax, and the cycle repeats.  Atrioventricular valves close- S1 (1 st heart sound)  Ejection- semilunar valves open. Ventricles eject blood.  Semilunar valves close- S2 (2 nd ) heart sound.  Some blood remains at the end of ejection, this is called residual volume.

CARDIAC OUTPUT, HEART RATE, AND STROKE VOLUME  Cardiac output (CO)- the amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute.  Stroke volume (SV)- the amount of blood that the LEFT ventricle pumps out of the heart with each beat.  CO= HR X SV (milliliters)  Preload- stretch of the heart that fills with blood.  Contractility- refers to the strength of the heart’s contraction.  Afterload- refers to the resistance the heart must overcome to pump blood. A DECREASE in afterload causes an INCREASE in stroke volume and cardiac output.  The atrial reflex is also known as the Bainbridge reflex and is a sympathetic response to an increased venous return.