BIO 210 Skeleton Lab FA2021 (1)

REMAINING BONES AND BONE MARKINGS OF THE AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR SKELETONS LAB Obtain a skeleton. Using your PowerPoint and Visible Body Atlas for reference, identify each of the structures in the below Checklists and place a labeled flag on the skeleton and then on the corresponding disarticulated bone. Show your instructor your labeled bones or pictures of your labeled bones. When you have committed the structures to memory, place a checkmark in the box beside them. ( 25 points ) As you identify them, answer the questions that follow them. ( 1.5 points each ) BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON 1. How many bones are there in the axial skeleton? 79 2. How many of them did you already study in Lab 4? 28 3. How many of them are vertebrae? 26 4. How many of them are ribs? 25 HYOID, VERTEBRAE, STERNUM AND RIBS CHECKLIST Bone name √ Bone name √ Bone name √ Hyoid √ Sacrum √ True Ribs √ Cervical Vertebrae √ Coccyx √ False Ribs √ Thoracic Vertebrae √ Sternum √ Floating Ribs √ Lmbar Vertebrae √

5. How many vertebrae are cervical? 7 6. How many vertebrae are thoracic? 12 7. How many vertebrae are lumbar? 5 8. The sacrum appears to be one bone. It used to be more. How many? 5 9. The coccyx appears to be one bone. It used to be more. How many? 4-5 10. How many pairs of true ribs are there? 7 pairs 11. How many pairs of false ribs are there? Upper 3 pairs 12. How many pairs of floating ribs are there? Lower 2 pairs

17. What two bones come together to form the “shoulder girdle”? clavicle and scapula 18. What purpose does the shoulder girdle serve in the human? Allow for range of arm movement LOWER EXTREMITY APPENDICULAR SKELETON CHECKLIST Bone name √ Bone name √ Bone name √ Os Coxae (as a whole) √ Tibia √ Metatarsals √ Ilium (of the Os Coxa) √ Fibula √ Proximal Phalanges √ Ischium (of the Os √ Tarsals (as a whole) √ Middle Phalanges √ Pubis (of the Os Coxa) √ Calcaneus (a Tarsal) √ Distal Phalanges √ Femur √ Talus (a Tarsal) √ Patella √

19. What would your Os Coxae commonly be called? Coxal bone 20. What three bones fused to create the Ox Coxa? Ischium, ilium, pubis 21. What bones make up the “pelvic girdle”? 2 full pelvic bones 22. Your patella is more commonly called your: kneecaps 23. What bone makes up your “heel”? calcaneus 24. What are the specific differences between a male and female pelvic girdle? The female is angled differently and larger so that they can give birth Now that you know the bones, identify the following bone markings on each bone. When you have committed them to memory, place a checkmark in the box beside them. Define the following bone markings. 25. Head – Proximal; disk-shaped 26. Neck – Narrow portion just below the head 27. Epicondyle – Bump above condyle for muscle attachment

VERTEBRAL BONE MARKING CHECKLIST Marking name √ Marking name √ Marking name √ Body √ Superior Articulate Process √ Spinal (Vertebral) Foramen √ Spinous Process √ Inferior Articulate Process √ Transverse Process √ 30. What is the spinal foramen for? When all the vertebrae are joined, these holes create the spinal cavity (houses the spinal cord) 31. What does the word “articulate” mean? having joints or jointed segments. 32. The superior articulate process of one vertebra connects to what structure of another vertebra? The superior articular process of the sacrum articulates with the inferior articular processes from the L5 vertebra.

STERNAL BONE MARKING CHECKLIST Marking name √ Marking name √ Marking name √ Manubrium √ Body √ Xiphoid Process √ SCAPULAR BONE MARKING CHECKLIST Marking name √ Marking name √ Spine √ Glenoid fossa/cavity √ 33. What bone connects/articulates to the Glenoid fossa? The humerus

RADIAL BONE MARKING CHECKLIST Marking name √ Marking name √ Head √ Styloid Process √ 36. Look at the disarticulated radius. What do you see about its head that will help you remember the difference between the *radius* and the ulna? The ulna has a hook on it that forms the elbow. The radius is thumb side. ULNAR BONE MARKING CHECKLIST Marking name √ Marking name √ Marking name √ Olecranon Process √ Semilunar/Trochlear Notch √ Styloid Process √

37. A nerve runs over your Olecranon Process and hurts when you hit it. What is this “area” commonly called? Elbow 38. Why is the semilunar notch called such? It is called this because it is a curved depression 39. Why is it also called the trochlear notch? It is where the humerus sits. It connects to the trochlear of the humerus. 40. What bone does the proximal end of the ulna articulate with? Humerus OS COXAL BONE MARKING CHECKLIST Marking name √ Acetabulum √ Pubic symphysis √

45. To what do the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia connect/articulate? The tarsals 46. You have just hit your “inside ankle” against something and it hurts. What, specifically, have you hit? The medial malleolus 47. Why does the Tibia not have a Lateral Malleolus? Because it’s the fibula that forms the lateral malleolus 48. Look at the disarticulated tibia. What do you see about it that will help you remember the difference between the *tibia* and the humerus (two bones that are often confused) The tibia has a tibial tuberosity that is longer and has a flat top. Whereas the humerus has a rounded head to fit into the shoulder joint and has condyles on the bottom that look like a knuckle. The tibia is also bigger. FIBULAR BONE MARKINGS CHECKLIST Marking name √ Marking name √ Head √ Lateral Malleolus √ 49. Why does the Fibula not have a Medial Malleolus? Because the fibula is on the lateral side of the leg and the tibia forms the medial malleolus 50. What process is felt at the lateral ankle? The lateral malleolus When you feel you know all of the bones and bone markings, use the full Table on the next page to review and check them off.

Review your Skeleton Bones and Skeleton Bone Markings: Review each bone and bone marking. When you can identify them confidently, check them off. BONE √ BONE MARKINGS √ Hyoid √ Body of the Vertebrae √ Cervical Vertebrae √ Spinous Process of the Vertebrae √ Thoracic Vertebrae √ Superior Articulate Process of the Vertebrae √ Lumbar Vertebrae √ Inferior Articulate Process of the Vertebrae √ Sacrum √ Spinal (Vertebral) Foramen of the Vertebrae √ Coccyx √ Transverse Process of the Vertebrae √ Sternum √ Manubrium of the Sternum √ True Ribs √ Body of the Sternum √ False Ribs √ Xiphoid Process of the Sternum √ Floating Ribs √ Costal Cartilages of the Ribs √ Clavicle √ Spine of the Scapula √ Scapula √ Glenoid Fossa of the Scapula √ Humerus √ Head of the Humerus √ Radius √ Medial Epicondyle of the Humerus √ Ulna √ Lateral Epicondyle of the Humerus √ Carpals √ Capitulum of the Humerus √ Metacarpals √ Trochlea of the Humerus √ Proximal Phalanges (of hand) √ Head of the Radius √ Middle Phalanges (of hand) √ Styloid Process of the Radius √ Distal Phalanges (of hand) √ Olecranon Process of the Ulna √ Os Coxae (as a whole) √ Semilunar (Trochelar) Notch of the Ulna √ Ilium (of Os Coxa) √ Styloid Process of the Ulna √ Ischium (of Os Coxa) √ Acetabulum √ Pubis (of Os Coxa) √ Pubic Symphysis √ Femur √ Head of the Femur √ Patella √ Neck of the Femur √ Tibia √ Greater Trochanter of the Femur √ Fibula √ Lesser Trochanter of the Femur √ Tarsals (as a whole) √ Medial Epicondyle of the Femur √ Calcaneus (a Tarsal) √ Lateral Epicondyle of the Femur √ Talus (a Tarsal) √ Medial Condyle of the Femur √ Metatarsals √ Lateral Condyle of the Femur √ Proximal Phalanges (of foot) √ Medial Condyle of the Tibia √ Middle Phalanges (of foot) √ Lateral Condyle of the Tibia √ Distal Phalanges (of foot) √ Tibial Tuberosity of the Tibia √ Medial Malleolus of the Tibia √ Head of the Fibula √ Lateral Malleolus of the Fibula √