Osteology II - Appendicular STUDENT_updated June 2023(2)

18 .LAB SECTION Chaney Tucker :'YOUR NAME Human Osteology I1 — Appendicular Skeleton :Objectives: After the lab, you should be able to Identify the major bones of the human body by name, location, and shape @ Identify the anatomical planes of the body e .Correctly orient the body in standard anatomical position @ Describe the types of motion that occur at joints between bones @ To become familiar with the methods biological and forensic anthropologists use to identify ® .an individual's height and age by looking at skeletal remains Station 1. The Upper Limb Identify the following elements of the upper limb and hand: clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, -radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. Use the articulated skeleton for reference ?With which bone does the humerus articulate at the shoulder 1 The scapula ?With which two bones of the shoulder girdle does the scapula articulate 2 The scapula and clavicle ?With which bones does the humerus articulate at the elbow 3 The ulna and the radius In standard anatomical position, are the radius and ulna positioned proximal or distal to the 4 ?humerus Distal ?In standard anatomical position, is the radius positioned lateral or medial to the ulna .5

Lateral ?With which group of bones do the ulna and radius articulate in the wrist .6 The carpal bones ?What is the correct osteological name of the bones in the palm of the hand 7 the metacarpals ?What is the correct osteological name of the bones of the fingers .8 The phalanges Station 2. The Lower Limb Identify the following elements of the lower limb: os coxa (which is made up of three separate bones that fuse together, the ilium, pubis, and ischium), femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges). For each element, determine its correct anatomical position. Use .the articulated skeleton for reference ?With which bone of the os coxa does the sacrum articulate A [lium ?The femur articulates with which bone at its proximal end .2 Acetabulum ?The rounded ball at the proximal end of the femur is called what .3 Femoral head ?The femur articulates with which TWO bones on its distal end .4 Tibia and patella ?In standard anatomical position, does the patella lie anterior or posterior to the femur .5

.You will then calculate a range by adding and subtracting 3.94 cm to your answer above 169.93 +3.94cm= 173.87 centimeters (Upper end of height range) 169.93 -3.94cm= 165.99 centimeters (Lower end of height range) .Now convert your range to inches. Divide the upper and lower values each by 2.54 2.54/ 2.54 / inches 68.45 = 173.87 -Upper Inches 65.35 = 99 :Lower Approximately how tall was this individual? Report your findings in feet and inches as a range 5 ft 5 inches ~to~ 5 ft 8 inches

Station 4. Age Estimation The best bone to use in determining a person's age at the time of death is the pelvis. Many changes can be observed on the face of the pubic symphysis (where the left and right pubic bones articulate) and the auricular surface of the ilium (where the ilium articulates with the sacrum) over time that are good indicators of a person's age. However, these changes are best .viewed on a natural skeleton rather than on a plastic one For this lab you will look at another indicator of age known as epiphyseal union. At birth, humans have more than separate 300 bones. These bones eventually fuse together to form 206 adult bones. During the course of development, the articular end of the bone, or epiphysis, is separated from the shaft of the bone, or diaphysis, by a layer of cartilage or what is commonly referred to as the growth plate. This cartilaginous layer remains throughout the bone's development and forms a very distinct line in the bone. This line becomes increasingly faint until the bone becomes completely ossified (fused together) and the line is obliterated. Fusion of .epiphyses across the body occurs at known age ranges Last week you learned that an adult permanent dentition consists of 32 teeth. Forensic anthropologists also use dental eruption to determine age of juvenile remains. The supplementary tooth eruption chart and dental development model illustrate human tooth development and can .be used to estimate the approximate age of the skulls in this station At the station there is an adult skull, a 2-year-old skull, a fetal skull and a skull of (1 unknown age. Based on size, suture closure, and dental eruption, what is the approximate age of the unknown skull when compared to the other specimens? (explain your (reasoning The unknown skull must be around 9 to 12 years old due to the size of the skull being bigger than the 2 year old. The teeth are not fully developed in and you can see that there were some coming in. The suture is closed however. Femur A is from an unknown individual. Using the femur development images at this (2 (.station, approximately how old was this individual? (Give an estimated age range Femur A is 1.5 years old because the bones are not fused. Compare femur A and femur B. Are the bones from the same individual? Are the femora 3 ?from an adult or juvenile