Copy of Gr Assignment 3 F21

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University of Calgary *

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1220

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Anatomy

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Dec 6, 2023

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docx

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GROUP ASSIGNMENT 4 (Chapter 6) Please use the relevant key terms whenever possible when answering the following questions. Questions: 1. Compare and contrast between the gross anatomy and histology of compact bone and spongy bone. Compact Bone: Gross anatomy: A dense outer layer on every bone that appears both smooth and solid. Filled with Lamellae collagen fiber matrix. Histology: Osteons, central and perforating canals, canaliculi, lamellae, osteocyte in lacunae. Spongy Bone: Gross anatomy: Made up of trabeculae, found on the end of long bones and on the inside of flat Histology: Filled with red bone marrow, or yellow, osteocytes in lacunae, trabeculae. 2. List the organic and inorganic components of bone. Speculate a significant consequence of a vitamin D deficiency to bone strength. Organic components: Osteoids and collagen fibers. Inorganic components: Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts) The consequence of a vitamin D deficiency could result in osteomalacia and rickets, where the bone is poorly mineralized and becomes soft and weak. 3. Differentiate endochondral ossification from intramembranous ossification. Provide some examples of bones formed via each process. Endochondral Ossification; Will convert to bone from hyaline cartilage(replacing cartilage), examples include most of the skeleton bones, all bone inferior to the skull. Intramembranous Ossification; Bone will develop from fibrous membrane, also known as membrane bones. These are formed in frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal, and clavicle bones. 4. You decided to rent an electric scooter to ride along the river over the weekend. You were new to this mode of commute and were experiencing problems with navigating it in tight spaces and crowds. A fun start to the day ended up in a wicked crash and a broken arm. a) Name the 4 steps of fracture repair.
1. hematoma formation 2. fibrocartilaginous callus formation 3. bony callus formation 4. bone remodeling b) How fast or slow will the repair process be? Briefly explain your rationale. Depends on many things like the severity of the break, which bone was broken, and the age of the patient. 5. Blood calcium homeostasis plays a role in bone remodelling. Clearly describe how bone is being remodelled in response to hypocalcemia, a state in which blood calcium levels are lower than normal. Include relevant cells, hormones/endocrine glands, feedback system in your answer whenever possible. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium levels. PTH stimulates osteoclasts to reabsorb bone so calcium is released into the blood, raising levels. PTH secretion stops when proper calcium levels are reached. This is an example of a negative feedback loop.
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