FA05-Assignment

FA05 Functional anatomy Assignment v1.4 (2018/01/25) FA05 Functional anatomy Name Khoa Le Email address Khoa.le2277@gmail.com Assessment © 2017 Australian Institute of Personal Trainers Pty Ltd and its licensors (AIPT) Commonwealth of Australia Copyright Regulations 1969 Warning - This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of AIPT, pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. All rights are reserved and you must obtain the prior written permission of AIPT for the republication or redistribution of any content. Do not remove this notice. Assignment – Short answer Assignments may include a variety of questions, this can include short or longer answer questions. These questions are designed to test how you apply your knowledge into a real-world situation. All assignments are completed as a Microsoft Word document and must be submitted through My eCampus for grading. Your assessor is looking for how you apply your knowledge and how you think critically about the topic area. 1. It is important to have a sound knowledge of posture and the involvement of musculoskeletal anatomy and appropriate corrective actions. In the following table, you will need to identify the postural abnormality, identify the tight and weak muscles, and provide suggestive corrective actions. (limit 50-100words per postural abnormality) Postural abnormality The postural abnormality on the image provided shows curvature of lumbar and cervical regions of the human spine. It is also known as Lordosis. Tight muscles -Erector Spinae -Hip Flexors Weak muscles -Abdominals -Gluteal -Hamstrings Suggested corrective exercises (Strengthening and Stretching) Strengthen: Abdominals, Glutes and Hamstrings (e.g sit ups, leg raises, leg curls, lunges) Stretch: Hip flexors and Erector Spinae (e.g kneeling hip flexor stretch, standing hands to toes stretch, lower back stretch) 1

FA05 Functional anatomy Assignment v1.4 (2018/01/25) Postural abnormality The postural abnormality on the image provided shows excessive outward curve of the spine resulting in an abnormal rounding of the upper back. This is also known as Kyphosis Tight muscles -Pectoralis Minor/Major -Latissimus Dorsi -Anterior Deltoids Weak muscles -Rhomboids -Rear Deltoids -Lower/Middle Trapezius Suggested corrective exercises (Strengthening and Stretching) Strengthen: Rhomboids, Rear Deltoids, Lower/Middle Trapezius (e.g Face pulls, seated rows) Stretch: Pectorals, Anterior Deltoids, Latissimus Dorsi Postural abnormality The postural abnormality on the image provided shows a skeletal condition in which the shoulder blade or shoulder bone is protruding from the person’s back in an abnormal position. It is also known as Winged Scapula. Tight muscles -Pectoralis Minor/Major -Subscapularis -Latissimus Dorsi Weak muscles -Rhomboids -Serratus Anterior Suggested corrective exercises (Strengthening and Stretching) Strengthen: Serratus Anterior and Rhomboids (e.g Seated Row, Wall pushes) Stretch: Pectorals, Latissimus Dorsi and Shoulder mobility work 2. There are five common injuries that occur as a result of poor posture. In the following table, provide a description of each of these five conditions, outlining the impact that they have on posture as well as the muscles involved and how they are affected. (range 50-100 words per condition) Injury Condition Posture and muscles involved Sciatica Sciatica is a condition that can lead to pain in the back and legs. It is usually caused when a herniated disc or bone spur in the spine presses on the sciatic nerve. Pain starts in the lower spine then travels and radiates down through the hip, buttocks, back of leg to the foot. Sciatica usually affects one side of the body. The causes of sciatica can result in leg length differences and muscle imbalances which can include tight groin muscles and/or weak hip abductors. 2

FA05 Functional anatomy Assignment v1.4 (2018/01/25) Injury Condition Posture and muscles involved Neck pain Neck pain is aching/stiffness in the neck and shoulders caused by forward head posture for long periods of time. It is common for office workers sitting at a desk for prolonged periods of the day. Slumped/forward neck posture which causes shortening of the chest muscles, weakening of the small/postural upper back and neck muscles. Patellofemora l knee pain Patellofemoral pain syndrome, also known as runner’s knee is knee pain as a result of problems between the kneecap and the femur. The pain is generally in front of the knee and can occur due to overuse injury. Often causes the person to favour one side which can lead to long term muscle and postural defects in the leg, hip and buttocks. Also causes tightening of the hamstring muscles and weakening of the quadriceps femoris muscles. Lower back pain Lower back pain is caused by muscle strain or ligament sprain in the lower back area. Common causes can include poor posture, improper lifting, lack of regular exercise, a fracture, a ruptured disc or arthritis. Lower back pain can result in length differences, over pronation, pelvic tilts and arched lower back postures. Muscles which are affected include the erector spinae and the gluteus maximus/minimus. Shoulder impingement Shoulder impingement is shoulder pain caused by connective tissue (tendon) rubbing on a shoulder blade. It is often caused by inflammation from repetitive shoulder activities. Pain can be consistent and increase with lifting or reaching movements. Can cause potential changes such as forward head posture and upper crossed syndrome. The muscles which make up the rotator cuff are: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis. 3

FA05 Functional anatomy Assignment v1.4 (2018/01/25) 3. There is a definitive relationship between poor posture, increased risk of injury, and muscular deficit. Please describe how poor posture exacerbates each of the following. 1. Diminished muscle strength and endurance Over time, poor posture that demands support from the phasic fibres causes the deeper supporting muscles to waste away from lack of use. 2. Limited flexibility Poor posture limits flexibility as the muscles shorten and unable to get full range of motion. 3. Increased muscle tension and tone Poor posture can put stress on spine and the surrounding muscles causing pain and aches. 4. Limited function Poor posture can lead to muscular imbalances. Muscles and ligaments that have been shortened or stretched can have limited functions. 4. In the following table, several joint complexes are listed. You will need to record the main planes of movement that the joint can work within, the movement types and the range of motion for each movement type. Joint complex Planes of movement Movement types Range of motion in degrees for each movement type Shoulder joint (example) 1. Sagittal Plane 2. Frontal Plane 3. Horizontal Plane 1. Flexion and extension 2. Adduction and abduction 3. Horizontal Flexion and horizontal extension 1. 0-90 degrees 2. 0-90 degrees 3. 0-180 degrees Elbow joint 1. Sagittal Plane 1. Flexion 2. Extension 1. 0-145 degrees 2. 0 degrees Hip joint 1. Sagittal Plane 2. Frontal Plane 3. Horizontal Plane 1. Flexion Extension 2. Adduction Abduction 3. Horizontal Flexion Horizontal Extensions 1. 0-120-145 degrees 0-10-20 degrees 2. 0-20-30 degrees 0-40-45 degrees 3. 0-35-45 degrees 0-45-60 degrees Knee joint 1. Sagittal Plane 1. Flexion Extension 1. 0-125-145 degrees 0-10 degrees Ankle joint 1.Sagittal Plane 1. Plantar Flexion Dorsi Flexion 1. 0-45-50 degrees 0-20 degrees Wrist joint 1. Sagittal Plane 2. Frontal Plane 1. Flexion Extension 2. Adduction Abduction 1. 0-80-90 degrees 0-70 degrees 2. 0-45 degrees 0-25 degrees 4

FA05 Functional anatomy Assignment v1.4 (2018/01/25) 5. Skeletal muscles are arranged throughout the body in opposing pairs. During movement, each muscle within the pair opposes the other, which allows movement to occur. In the following table, use the same exercise and provide an example of each muscle and describe a movement associated with it? Muscles Movement description Muscle involved Agonist The muscle primarily responsible for electing movement about a joint. An example of an agonist would be the biceps brachii during a bicep curl’s concentric phase. Antagonist The muscle that opposes the prime mover (agonist). When the agonist contracts the antagonist relaxes to allow free movement at the joint. This is due to a process known as reciprocal inhibition. In the bicep curl during flexion or concentric phase the antagonist is the tricep. Synergist Works in co-ordination with an agonist muscle to generate movement. It is like a helper muscle that indirectly assists with the movement. The muscles that indirectly assists with the movement for a bicep curl would be brachioradialis and brachialis. Fixator The muscles that assist in the movement of another muscle, fixing it in place. The fixator for a bicep curl would be the rotator cuff muscles. 6. Describe Wolff’s law and how its linked to bone modelling and remodelling? (limit 100 words per factor) Wolff’s law refers to bone modelling and remodeling. It states that bone will adapt to the loads that it is placed under. If the load increases on a particular bone, that bone will remodel itself over time to become stronger, therefore coping better with the load it is under. 7. There is a range of different conditions and lifestyles that can change the centre of gravity and affect posture. Please complete the following table and describe how these factors result in a change in gravity and thus affect posture. (limit 50 words per factor) Factor that affects the centre of gravity Description of how posture is affected Pregnancy Extra weight stored in the abdomen pulls the centre of gravity forward which can lead to lower back pain and/or lordosis. Overweight Increased fat and bodyweight can change the way the body moves and reacts to force. Overweight people have the most erect posture as a result from supporting the load over a small base of support. Inappropriate footwear The natural curve of our feet supports the gentle curve of our spine. Shoes that have bad support can, over time, causes changes in posture that can lead to long term damage and chronic pain. Poor work practices (office worker) Sitting in a slouched position for long periods of time at work causes the muscles to work harder than normal to protect the spine and stabilize it. This can cause constant lower back pains and promote bad posture in the long term. 5