A&P Exam 2 Study Guide

■ Orbicularis oculi ● Closes eye ■ Zygomaticus ● Laughing ■ Buccinator ● Draws lips together ○ Muscles of chewing ■ Temporalis ● Closes jaw ■ Masseter ● Closes jaw ○ Muscles that move the head ■ Sternocleidomastoid ● Flexes head ■ Trapezius ● Extends head ● Flexes head to one side ● Elevates shoulder ○ Muscles involved in breathing ■ External intercostals ● Elevate ribs ■ Internal intercostals ● Depress ribs ■ Diaphragm ● Enlarges thorax to trigger inspiration ○ Muscles forming the abdominal wall ■ Rectus abdominis ● Flexes lumbar region to allow bending forward ■ Transverse abdominal ● Compresses contents of abdomen ■ Internal oblique ● Stabilizes spine to maintain posture; permits rotation at waist ■ External oblique ● Stabilizes spine ○ Muscles of the shoulder and upper arm ■ Deltoid ● Abducts, flexes, and rotates arm ■ Pectoralis major ● Flexes and adducts upper arm ■ Serratus anterior ● Pulls shoulder down and forward ■ Trapezius ● Raises or lowers shoulders

● Know and be able to locate Deltoid, Rectus abdominis,glut max, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, deltoid -location and function ○ Deltoid ■ Function: Abducts, flexes, and rotates arm ■ ○ Rectus Abdominis “6 pack” ■ Function: Flexes lumbar region to allow bending forward ■ ○ Gluteus Maximus ■ Function: Abducts and rotates the thigh inward ■ ○ Vastus Lateralis ■ Function: Flexes the thigh; extends the leg

● Locate, identify main brain structures- Brain stem, cerebellum, and cerebrum. ○ Brain stem ■ ○ Cerebellum ○ ○ Cerebrum ■ Bulk of cerebrum is “white matter” ● Consists of bundles of myelinated nerve fibers called tracts ■ Surface of cerebrum consists of a thin layer of gray matter ○

■ Has a calming effect ■ Decreases heart rate ■ Constricts bronchial tubes to decrease air flow in lungs ■ Constricts bronchial tubes to decrease air flow in lungs ■ Has no effect on blood vessels of skeletal muscles ■ Stimulates intestinal motility and secretion to promote digestion ■ Stimulates secretion of thin salivary mucus ■ Has no effect on sweat glands ■ Has no effect on adrenal medulla ■ Stimulates bladder wall to contract and the internal sphincter to relax to cause urination ○ Workbook p. 138 ■ Sympathetic: 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17 ■ Parasympathetic: 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 ● Where is the auditory area of the brain?p 203 mint green box ○ Temporal lobe ● Name sensory receptors and their function ○ Chemoreceptors ■ React to various chemcials ■ Odors and tastes ■ Concentration of glucose and carbon dioxide ○ Mechanoreceptors ■ Respond to factors that change the position of a receptor ● Pressure ● Stretch ● Vibration ■ Thermoreceptors ● Activated by a change in temperature ■ Nociceptors ● Respond to tissue damage from ○ Trauma ○ Heat ○ Chemicals ○ pressure ○ Lack of oxygen ● Function of tears p237 yellow box ○ Clean and moisten the eye’s surface of the conjunctiva ● what is Adaptation as it relates to sensory process p228 body at work ○ When a stimulus is continuous, the firing frequency of the nerve begins to slow, causing the sensation to diminish. This is known as adaptation. As an example, think of entering a cold body of water. When you first step in, the water may seem very cold. After a few minutes, your senses adapt and it doesn’t feel as cold.

■ myocardial infarction ● Pain in the left arm or over the left chest ● Pain fibers from the skin over the left side of the chest and left arm enter the spinal cord at the same level ● functions of neurotransmitters, neuromuscular junction, neurilemma ○ Neurotransmitters ■ Carry chemical signals “messages” from one neuron (nerve cell) to the next target cell ○ neuromuscular junction ■ Essential synapse for muscle contraction and movement ○ Neurilemma ■ Production of myelin sheath around neuronal axons ● atrophy/ hypertrophy-know the difference and examples of each ○ Atrophy ■ Decrease in size of a muscle causes fibers to grow shrinking muscle ■ Confined to bed/lack of use of muscle ○ Hyperatrophy ■ Exercise or lack of exercise causes physiological changes in skeletal muscles ■ Strength training such as lifting weights causes muscles to enlarge ● Anaerobic respiration of glucose-green box p.160 ○ Meaning without oxygen ○ Muscles receive much of their glucose through the bloodstream; however some is stored within the muscle in the form of glycoge ○ anaerobic fermentation can generate energy quickly ○ Produces lactic acid which accumulates in muscle and leads to muscle fatigue ● lactic acid in muscle burn, strenuous exercise p.160 ○ When you “go for the burn” in strenuous exercise that burn is a symptom of lactic acid accumulation from anaerobic fermentation ● visceral reflex p 212 ○ Reflex of autonomic nervous system affecting organs ○ Involve secretion from glands or the contraction of smooth muscle ● White matter /gray matter- what's the difference, location and function ○ White matter ■ Appears white because of abundance of myelin ■ Contains bundles of axons ■ Mass surrounding gray matter(h-shaped) in spinal cord ○ Gray matter ■ Gray because of lack of myelin ■ Contains mostly the cell bodies of motor neurons and interneurons ■ H-shaped mass divided into two sets of horns inside spinal cord ● Posterior (dorsal) horns

● role of acetylcholine and Calcium in muscle contraction-needed for muscle contraction.p.155 ○ Acetylcholine ■ Released when an impulse reaches end of motor neuron ● Caused by small vesicles to fuse with cell membrane ○ Calcium ■ Calcium binds with troponin on actin filament to expose attachment point ● Muscle tone definition bottom of page p 156 ○ Continuous state of partial muscle contraction that allows for the maintenance of posture ● location and function of muscle fascia, what is a muscle fiber ○ Fascia ■ Connective tissue surrounding the muscle ○ Fiber ■ Skeletal muscle cell ● muscle contraction/relaxation. Role of acetylcholinesterase break down of acetylcholine. P. 155 ○ Contraction ■ skeletal muscle must be stimulated by motor neuron ■ Motor neurons reside in the brainstem and spinal cord ■ Extensions from axons (cell bodies) carry impulses to skeletal muscles ○ Relaxation ■ Nerve impulses stop arriving at neuromuscular junction ACh is no longer released ○ Acetylcholinesterase ■ Breaks down any remaining ACh (acetylcholine) while calcium ions are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum ● energy source contraction p 160 initial energy and secondary source- creatine phosphate ○ All contraction requires ATP ○ Muscles only store small amount of ATP ○ Constant synthesis of atp is necessary ○ Depending on activity level, muscles obtain their energy supply in several ways ■ Aerobic respiration of fatty acids ■ Creatine phosphate ■ Anaerobic fermentation of glucose ■ Aerobic respiration of glucose ● aerobic respiration/anaerobic resp of muscles p 160... Fast Fact p. 160 ○ Aerobic respiration ■ To break down fatty acids for energy when oxygen is present ○ Anaerobic respiration ■ Process that breaks down glucose for energy when oxygen is not plentiful ● location, function of internal, external intercostals ○ Internal