FA05 Assignment (Release 2)

FA05 – Functional Anatomy Assignment v2.0 (2020/04/01) FA05 –Functional Anatomy ASSESSMENT: ASSIGNMENT Name Email address Student Instructions Assignments may include a variety of questions, this can include short or longer answer questions. These questions are designed to test how you apply your knowledge into a real-world situation. All assignments are completed as a Microsoft Word document and must be submitted through My eCampus for grading. Your assessor is looking for how you apply your knowledge and how you think critically about the topic area. 1. It is important to have a sound knowledge of posture and the involvement of musculoskeletal anatomy and appropriate corrective actions. In the following table, you will need to identify the postural abnormality, identify the tight and weak muscles, and provide suggestive corrective actions. (limit 50-100words per postural abnormality) Postural abnormality Lordois: increased curvature of the spine, usually of the lumbar area Tight muscles Hip flexors Erector spinae Weak muscles Abdominals Hamstrings Glutes Suggested corrective exercises (Strengthening and Stretching) Stretch: hip flexors and spinal extensors Strengthen: abdominal, hamstring, gluteals Postural abnormality Kyphosis: increased posterior curvatures of the spine, usually in the thoracic area Tight muscles Petoralis major Pectoralis minor Anterior deltoids Latissimus dorsi Weak muscles Rhomboids Rear deltoids Page | 1

FA05 – Functional Anatomy Assignment v2.0 (2020/04/01) Middle/lower trapezius Suggested corrective exercises (Strengthening and Stretching) Stretch: chest stretch, anterior deltoids, lats Strengthen: rhomboids, rear deltoids, trapezius Postural abnormality Winged scapula: when the muscles of the scapular are to weak or paralyzed, resulting in a limited ability to stabilize the scapula. As a result, the medial border of the scapula protrudes, like wings. The main reasons for this condition are musculoskeletal and nuerological related. Winged scapula is almost always caused by damage to one of three nerves that control muscles in your arms, back and neck: - The long thoracic nerve, which controls the serratus anterior muscle - The dorsal scapula nerve, which controls the rhomboid muscles - The spinal accessory nerve, which controls the traperzius muscle Tight muscles Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Subscapularis Latissimus dorsi Weak muscles Serratus anterior Rhomboids Suggested corrective exercises (Strengthening and Stretching) Stretch: pectorals, lats and shoulder mobility work Strengthen: seated row, scapula fixation work, wall pushes(scapula pro/retraction) 2. There are five common injuries that occur as a result of poor posture. In the following table, provide a description of each of these five conditions, outlining the impact that they have on posture as well as the muscles involved and how they are affected. (range 50-100 words per condition) Injury Condition Posture and muscles involved Sciatica Sciatica is a sympton that can be caused by various mideical disorders, including spinal stenosis, which is a restriction You adopt a slouched or slumped posture, or you lean forward at your desk, you place an increased strain on you lower back. The causes of sciatica include leg growth Page | 2

FA05 – Functional Anatomy Assignment v2.0 (2020/04/01) Injury Condition Posture and muscles involved of the lower back’s spinal canal, or degenerative disc disease, which is a distintergration of the discs that act as cushions between the vertebrae. The sciatic nerve, which travels through the buttocks under the pirformis muscles, is compressed as a result of the disease. differences and muscle imbalances including tight growing muscles and weak hip abductors. Neck pain This actions can cause pain and stiffness. Shoulders can neck sitting in this posture, this person will fall into a fallen posture, with rounded shoulders and protruding neck. This ultimately leads to shortening of the chest muscles and weakening of the small postural muscles of the upeer back and neck, which are used to pull the shoulders back. Ultimately, this results in larger back and neck muscles, namely trapezius and rhomboid muscles, which work harder and become tight and painful when they try to pull their shoulders back. Patellofemoral knee pain This is commonly referred to as anterior knee pain. This condition is caused by overuse injury, which can cause non- specific pain in the fron of the knee. This type of pain is exacerbated by range of different activities, including walking down stairs or climbing mountains, getting up after sitting for a long time. If there is a muscle imbalance between the quadriceps muscles: vastus lateralis, which pulls your patella up and outwards, and the vastus medialis oblique, which is the only quadriceps muscle that pulls our knee can upand slightly in, then your patella will track laterally in the groove. Poor foot posture(eg flat feet) and weak hip control muscles can both allow your knee to abnormally twist and result in a lateral deviation of your patella. Lower back pain There are many diffenret causes of lower back pain, and it is often imposible to determine the individuals pain. In cases where lower back pain is not caused by trauma or overuse, it is usually caused by improper posture. Poor posture puts extra pressure on the muscles and ligaments that support the lower back. This The most common postural factors that cause lower back pain include differences in leg length, excessive internal rotation, and pelvic tilt, which can cause lower back arches. Affected muscles include the extensor, flexor and oblique muscles. Page | 3

FA05 – Functional Anatomy Assignment v2.0 (2020/04/01) Injury Condition Posture and muscles involved can cause over work of certain muscles, which can lead to muscle cramps and sometimes muscle strains. Shoulder impingement Theses types of injuries can occur when the space in the shoulder joint is reduced, causing one or more tendons passing through the space to be squeezed. If the chest muscles are tight and the upper back muscles such as the lower trapezius and the srratus anterior are weak through extended periods of sitting slouched at a desk, then this can cause the shoulder joint to sit in a forwards position. Muscles affected include supraspunatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis. 3. There is a definitive relationship between poor posture, increased risk of injury, and muscular deficit. Please describe how poor posture exacerbates each of the following. 1. Diminished muscle strength and endurance Overtime poor posture that demands support from phasic fibres causes the deep muscles to waste away from lack of use. Weak muscles tend to tighten and then shortening of muscle length can compact the bones of the spine and worsen posture. 2. Limited flexibility Poor posture can reduce the optimum length and tension relationship of skeletal muscles leading to stiffness in joints as they are prevented from moving through their full range of motion. 3. Increased muscle tension and tone This improves posture. 4. Limited function Poor posture can alter your biodynamics, reducing your range of motion and putting excess stress on nerves and joints, as a result you may experience symptoms just about anywhere in the body.(pain, numbness, stiffness or mobilitu issues. 4. In the following table, several joint complexes are listed. You will need to record the main planes of movement that the joint can work within, the movement types and the range of motion for each movement type. Sagittal Plane Description Lies vertically and divides the body into right and left parts. Movements that take place in this plane Up and down movements of flexation and extension. Example of an exercise in this plane Beceps curls, squats, front deltoid raises, overhead triceps press and lunges Page | 4

FA05 – Functional Anatomy Assignment v2.0 (2020/04/01) Frontal Plane Description Lies vertically and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. Movements that take place in this plane Sideways movement of the abduction and adduction. Example of an exercise in this plane Side leg lifts, lateral raises, jumping jacks and side to side gallops. Transverse Plane Description Lies horizontally and divides the body into superior and inferior parts. Movements that take place in this plane Rotationanl, such as internal and external rotation and pronation and supnation. Example of an exercise in this plane Kettlebell lunge twist, 180 degree squat jump with toe touch, low lunge touch with reach, pallof press, single leg hip rotation. 5. Skeletal muscles are arranged throughout the body in opposing pairs. During movement, each muscle within the pair opposes the other, which allows movement to occur. In the following table, use the same exercise and provide an example of each muscle and describe a movement associated with it? Muscles Movement description Muscle involved Agonist Promarily causes movement due to its shortening contraction. It is also known as the ‘prime mover’ in an exercise as the muscle is predominantly responsible for the movement occuring Bicep curl: bicep brachii Antagonist Opposes the agonis during an exercuse by lengthening or relaxing to allow the movement to occur. Bicep curl: tricep Synergist Works in coordination with the agonist muscle to generate movement. It is like a helper muscle that indirectly assissts with the movement. Eg, brachioradialis and brachialis. Bicep curl: brachioradialis and brachialis Fixator Stabilises to eliminate the unwanted movement of an agonist’s origin. In other words, it acts to fixate the Bicep curl: deltoid, upper and middle trapezius Page | 5