PSYCH 344 EXAM NOTES

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School

University of Alberta *

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Course

344

Subject

Anthropology

Date

Oct 30, 2023

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docx

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Uploaded by DoctorFire3616

Anglocentrism - using anglo or white cultural standards as the criteria for interpretation and judgements of behaviors and attitudes Cultural Capital - certain bodies of cultural knowledge and cultural competencies, including the ability to use digital media effectively Cultural Humanity - being aware of one's cultural limitations and taking an other oriented approach in encounters Colonialism - united to form one state, European powers lumped diverse groups, differing in language, culture, religion, or identity together into one Demographics - characteristic of a population - as classified by age, race, ethnicitiy, sex, income Dialogical Approach - emphasizes the importance of relationships and dialogues between individuals and communities in wrestling with ethics Diasporic Group - ethnic and or national groups that are geographically dispersed throughout the world - Develop and maintain relationships between individuals and communities Diversity - quality of being different Ethics - principles of conduct that help govern the behavior of individuals or groups - What is god and what is bad Ethnocentrism - a tendency to think that our own culture is superior to others Global Village - Marshall McLuhan, refers to a world where technological communication unites people Heterogeneous - differences in a group, culture, population Homogenous - similarity in a group, culture, population Identity Management - the way individuals make sense of their multiple images concerning the sense of self in different social contexts Immigrants - people who come to a new country, region, or environment to settle more or less permanently Maquiladoras - plants or factories that are established on the US-Mexican border - Workers produce goods for the US markets - Lower labor costs, tax breaks, related environmental regulations Melting Pot - metaphor saying everyone will assimilate into the US majority culture Multinational Corporation - corporations that have operations in more than two nations

Nativistic - extremely patriotic to the point of being anti immigrant Self Reflexivity - a process of learning to understand ourselves and our position in society Afrocentricity - african american cultural standards, Anxiety uncertainty management theory (AUM) - explains the role of anxiety and uncertainty in individuals communicating with host culture members when they enter a new culture - Predicts certain optimal levels of uncertainty and anxiety - How they motivate individual to engage in successful interaction Collectivistic - focus on group goals, beliefs, needs, views Communication accommodation theory - attempt to identify how and when individual accommodate their speech and nonverbal behavior to others during an interaction Conceptual equivalence - the similarity of linguistic terms and meanings across cultures Conversational Constraints Theory - attempts to explain how and why people make conversation choices - 5 universal conversational constraints - 1. Clarity, 2. Minimizing imposition, 3. Considering other people's feelings, 4. Risking negative evaluation by the hearer, 5. Effectiveness - Individualist more concerned with clarity - Collectivists concerned about hurting other people's feelings and minimizing impositio Critical Approach - Goal to change behaviour - Subjective and material assumption of reality - Changeable - Textual analysis method of study - POWER - CRITQUEs = be aware of essentializing stereotypes Cross cultural training - training people to become familiar with other cultural norms Dialectic - there are six dialectics - 1. Cultural - individual dialectic - 2. Personal - contextual dialectic

- 3. Differences - similarities dialectic - 4. Static - dynamic dialectic - 5. history/past - present/future dialectic - 6. Privilege - disadvantage dialectic Dialectic approach - integrates three approaches to intercultural communication - social science, interpretive, and critical Diffusion of innovation theory - Everett Rogers, explains how cultural practices can be changed due to communication - Explains innovation and behaviors are rejected and some are accepted - In order for people to accept a new technology, they see the usefulness of it and it has to be compatible with their values and lifestyle Distance zones - distance zones that people interact and suggest depending on the situation - Intimate - Personal - Social - Public Diversity training - facilitates intercultural communication among members of various gender, ethnic, and racial groups Emic - phonemic, understand from inside Ethnography - patterned interaction and significant symbols of specific cultural groups Etic - phonetic, understand from outside or a distance Face negotiation theory - Ting Toomey - The view that cultural groups vary in preferences for conflict styles and face saving strategies - Face = sense of favorable self worth, always concerned with saving face - Conflict is a face negotiation process where people have their face questioned Functionalist approach Hybrid identity Individualistic - the tendency to emphasize individual identities, needs, beliefs Intercultural competence - the ability to behave effectively and appropriately in interacting cross cultures

Interdisciplinary - integrating knowledge from different disciplines in conducting research Interpretive approach - anthropology discipline - Describe behaviour - Subjective assumption of reality - Creative and voluntary assumption of human behaviour - Participant observation study method - Culture is created and maintained through communication - CONTEXT - Using language to describe human behavior - Goal is to understand and describe human behavior - Qualitative methods - Contextual symbolic meaning - Geertz - Bottom up approach - CRITIQUES = thick descriptions, need to live as one of them, symbolic and subjective VS material culture Macro Contexts - the political and social structures that influence communication Paradigm - worldview, framework that serves as a worldview Participant observation - interact extensively with cultural group being studies Perception - the process by which individuals select and organize and interpret external and internal stimuli to create a view of the world Postcolonialism - an intellectual, political, and cultural movement that calls for the independence of colonized states and liberation from colonialism mentalities and ways of thinking Processual Proxemics - the study of how people use personal space to communicate Qualitative methods - gathering data by questionnaire or observing subjects first hand, quantity, numbers Quantitative methods Rhetorical approach - examine and analyze texts or public speeches in the contexts of which they occur - Texts or oral discourses

Sapir whorph hypothesis - developed by Sapir and Whorf, explores the assumption that language shapes our ideas and guides our view of social reality Social reproduction - recreate social patterns Social science approach - psychology discipline - Quantitative method - gather data by questionnaires or observing - Describe and predict behaviour - External and describable assumption of reality - Predictable - Use survey and observation to study - Communication is influenced by culture - Emphasizes statistical measures - Learned patterns of behaviour and attitudes shared by a group of people - CRITIQUES = culture used as an independent variable, culture as categorical, culture as equivalent to nations Textual analysis - analyze cultural products media as voices in shaping culture Translational equivalence - linguistic sameness that is developed when translating back and forth Variable - can be measured Worldview - underlying assumptions about the nature of reality and human behaviors Autoethnography - writing about one's own experiences, research method where write about own experience Communication - a symbolic process where reality is maintained, transformed, and repaired - Social science- components of communication - sender/receiver, message, channel, and context, emphasize that communication tends to be patterned and predicted - Interpretive - symbolic, processual nature of communication - Critical - importance of societal forces in the communication process, not equal but in a social hierarchy Communication rules Cultural values - worldview of a cultural group and its set out beliefs Culture - learned pattern of behaviour and attitudes shared by a group of people

Embodied ethnocentrism - feeling comfortable and familiar in the spaces, behaviours, and actions of others in our own cultural groups Ethnography of communication - interpretive approach - Verbal and nonberal symbolic meaning in an attempt to understand patterns and rules of communication Indulgent orientation - enjoy life, YOLO Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck - suggest that all members of a cultural group must answer the following questions - What is human nature? - What is the relationship between humans and nature? - What is the relationship between humans? - What is the preferred personality? - What is the orientation toward time? Restraint orientation - restrictions Long term orientation - long term responses, larger purpose Short term orientation - focus on quick results Masculinity - femininity value - gender specific roles are value, and the degree to which cultural groups are masculine valued or feminine Performative - acting or presenting oneself in a certain way to accomplish ones goal Power distance - extent to which less powerful members of institution and organizations within country expect and accept the unequal distribution of power Symbolic significance - the importance or meaning that most members of a cultural group attach to a communication activity Uncertainty avoidance - the degree to which people who feel threatened by ambiguous situations respond by avoiding them or trying to establish more structure to compesnate for uncertainty Hofstede - 5 areas - Power distance - Femininity versus masculinity - Long term versus short term - Indulgence versus restraint - Indulgence - YOLO

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