Tutorial Week 9 ANTH1051

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Macquarie University *

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1051

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Anthropology

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Oct 30, 2023

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pdf

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Tutorial Nine: Out of Africa How has the spread of humanity affected our species and our understandings of ourselves? What were the most important adaptations and traits that allowed our species to expand further than any previous hominid and to enter into environments that repelled them? Are we ‘the fittest’ hominid, and how should we understand that term? ANTH 1051 ON CAMPUS AND VIRTUAL Imagine you’re trying to tell someone the story of the rise of modern humans. Label some of the sites (generally) where crucial events happened in the emergence and development of our species in the last few hundred thousand years. 1 4 2 5 3 6 What sort of environment did our ancestors adapt to? That is, what environment seems to be the one that shaped our distinctive traits? What is the difference between the multi-regional and the replacement model of modern human origins? What is the evidence for each theory? ‘Cro-Magnon’ skull

As they moved around the world, our ancestors adapted to a wide range of environments, from arid steppes to mountain ranges to island chains to tundra. They adapted to these new environments in a wide range of ways, including genotypic change, phenotypic adaptation, and cultural innovation. Key terms: Admixture, Interbreeding Anatomically modern humans Assimilation Biological speciation event Cave painting Coalescence Complete replacement model Cro-magnon Cultural ‘big bang’ Gene flow Habitat fragmentation Homo floresiensis Isolation by distance Lake Mungo Migration of modern humans Mitochondrial DNA Multiregional model Nuclear DNA Panmixia Population structure Refugia Venus figurines Y chromosome • Why might the ancestors of Homo sapiens become dominant and populations of Neandertals and Homo erectus (as well as other possible hominin species) disappeared in the last 200,000 years? • Someone points out that the evidence from Neandertals suggests that they were stronger than our ancestors and even had larger brains. How can we argue that humans were ‘more fit’ than these other hominins? Questions for reflection: Tutorial Eight: Out of Africa Adaptive challenge genotype phenotype culture rationale New sources of food New predators Cold climate Unprecedented diseases High altitude Climate irregularity Island and coastal foraging

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