205 exam 3 note

• I WILL ask you questions about general developments of the Late Mesolithic, including artifacts, art, and landscape.  Rainfall and temp increased, beginning of Holocene climatic optimum  Dense oak and deciduous tree spread over most central Europe  Sea level rise, Britain became island  Restrict hunting visibility and limit habitation areas,  More plant available animal predictable  New trapezoid form microlith, Trapezes …. Triangular microburin tech practically disappear/ technique , produce larger, more regular forms , replace inset microlith as arrow heads, mounted with long end forward. Did more damage by cutting animal tissue than simply penetrating  Tools , flaked axe and ‘perforated mace heads’ more common, formed through pecking  Hammerstones for breaking bones or nuts from Belgium to Greece  Polished artifacts appeared, suggest circulation of good stones for stronger axe, adzes  Innovation ,  Vis, Russia. Skis and sleds found in bog  Fishing. Wooden traps, weirs, prongs, ground bore spearheads, nets and baskets  Dugout canoes, holland and Denmark… Tybrind Vig Denmark has hearth for night fishing, also ballast stone  Art  Ceramics, erteboole sites. Pointed base. Native clays and tempered, coiling technique and fired unevenly in open hearth  Antler axes, shafts, slotted bone daggers, harpoons decorated complex geometrically  Pendants and beads in settlement and graves. Material as amber,, bone, shell, fossils, animal teeths and hazelnuts  Two medium popular , pottery and wood / wooden paddles in Danish bog, vis skis decorated with elk head, pointed base jar have dotted and linear pattern  Rock art, once appear after K of years absent. Open cliff walls, hunting dancing and fighting. Red with some black and tan  Sedentism  Specialized ibex hunting camps in Pyrenees and Cantabria mountains  Fishing camps in Germany  Tools made in resident site and brought to satellite specialized camps  Mobility lessened  Subsistence  Hunting, red and roe deer, wild boar auroch, elk, ibex preys  Plants, Franchthi cave, wild legumes, fruit barley. Northern Europe have nuts and seed.  Striking, huge importance of shellfish, more ocean fauna  Settlements  Increase in large site coastal settlements, colonization of islands eg Scotland  Lake side, important is river and stream side.  High elevation sites abandoned, hunting unfriendly.  More sedentary, small site for specialized reasons  Exchange  Lithic raw material

 Obsidian in Frachthi  Medi shells in pendants in 600km away sea • I WILL ask you very general questions about the origins of agriculture (theory, general evidence for it, and its results). I WILL NOT ask you detailed questions about theories for the origins of agriculture, but you will need to know them (and which are old theories vs. modern theories) very generally for one question.  1. Domestication (of plants and animals)  2. Technology (new tools for harvesting and processing food and also for storage, i.e., pottery)  3. Sedentism (communities of villages and constructed landscapes)  Jean Jacques Rosseau, social inequality with private property  Marshall sahlins, people less leisure time  Early perspectives  Lewis henry morgan : allow exist outside world of nature and to supremacy over planet  Shift from “savagery” to “barbarism”, invention of pottery, domestication, construction of mud block  Important stage to humanity progress  V Gordon childe : influenced by Marxism and October revolution. “change is so profound it must be neolithic revolution  Theory: massive drought in SW Asia, in end of paleolithic made hunter-gatherers settle and find reliable ways to get food.  Point : agriculture allow humans greater control of food supply thus enhance population growth, eventually reach social complexity and control over surplus control over people. Result in urban revolution in neolithic end, beginning of bronze age  Modern perspectives  Robert braidwood, investigate site at Kurdish foothills of Iran, proof no climate catastrophe, thus childe theory wrong  Key: developing agriculture was shift in relationship between human and nature. Implication : human removed themselves from nature by inventing agriculture  David Rindos: idea humans as culture nation or specie is in conscious control over environment. Thus destiny 1 part true, 1 part rhetoric, 2 part wishful thinking  Involve of climate trigger . E.g. Kumeyaay in south California semi-arid landscape burn harvested stand too encourage better growth  Population pressure , look at prehistory globally. Theory: switch to farming cuz they reached limit of food source support  Co-evolutionary theory: against removal of humans from nature. Humans moved from relationship base on trust to base on domination/////must dominate livestock and crops to behave in a manner. Result, they dependent on us as we depend on them, life or death in co-evolutionary with them  Social theory, as result from competition, decision in selective pressure. Creation of surplus and sedentism  Environmental theories , climate change, short term shifts. Begin expand search to resource. Kent Flannery. Mesoamericans farm maize in seasonal round to collect animals and plant then lead to domestication. Problem : what cause shift to cultivation , adaptiveness or co-benefits

 Human mind in cooperation and competitive curiosity and creativity • I WILL ask three questions from 9.1 related to hunter-gatherer complexity, the invention of agriculture, and an artifact question.  3 general conditions  1. Population movements were limited by geography or neighbours  2. Resources were abundant and predictable in their seasonal appearance (fish shellfish,nuts,seeds)  3. Population growth may have resulted in some food shortages, which usually led to intensification of food procurement that could result in migration or intensification of food production.  View more hunter gatherer in region with abundant water  Complex process over thousand of years. Increase in population density in restricted territory result in more specialised toolkit  Artifacts  Store food with grain bins, ceramic jars, or clay-lined pits (stockpiling food for lean months.  Farmers need to carry grain and water, by coiling or finger pots, hardened in hearths. Pottery not only made for agricultural purposes  Handheld tools. Stone axe (head parallel to handle, chopping); stone adze (perpendicular to handle, for peeling bark, sharping timber, or digging); variety of sickles (obsidian most used as the flint, extensively in sw asia, Mexico) • I WILL ask you about SW Asian ritual, a question about early artifacts, and ask you to identify one artifact photo and one site photo. Be sure to know some of the differences between Gobekli Tepe and Catalhoyuk.  Symbolic artifacts with PPN sites in early neolithic, ritual objects in household, sacred precincts or temples  3 categories of ritual  1. Hidden ritual: objects hidden in pits or under floors (include plastered skulls and plaster figures)  2. Display rituals: objects or structures, meant to be seen (Jericho tower, visible from afar, T-shaped pillars at Gobekli Tepe)  3. Daily life rituals: objects handled daily with some symbolic meaning ( some domestic site have many simple clay figurines) researchers: they were toys, others: had daily symbolic meanings  Early artifact:  PPNA 40 generations,root in Natufian society, small except Jericho. Have grain storage bins and flint bladed sickles.  Difference between gobekli tepe and catalhoyuk  Goblek Tepe: 4 semi subterranean structure 2 T shape pillar in middle 12 around the edge. Pillars have carving of wild animals , no domesticates. Some have arm to look anthropomorphic, builders were hunter gatherers not farmers. Mostly for spiritual observation or religious purposes  Catalhoyuk, densely occupied proto city, no public building or cemetery, all aspect of life occur in the houses, secular and ritual. House painted dangerous animals humans.