11. Woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius) once lived in the Northern Hemisphere and were a contemporary of modern humans. Due to various factors including human hunting, the mammoth became extinct approximately 10,000 years ago. According to the following phylogeny, which species is the closest relative of the woolly mammoth?
a.
rock hyrax (Procavia capensis)
b.
dugong (Dugong dugon)
c.
Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)
d.
African elephant (Loxodonta Africana)
i.
The phylogeny shows that the mammoth shares the most recent common ancestors with Elephas maximus, while the other three branches share earlier ancestry and therefore are not as closely related to the Mammuthus genus.
12. Although scientists widely accepted Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and common descent, one of the major problems proposed and discussed was how to account for complex structures and multiple, intricate parts. Why was this seen as a problem?
a.
Critics argued that complex structures and traits with multiple, intricate parts had to form from slow, gradual processes.
b.
Critics argued that natural selection operates in sudden gradual increments, so complex structures had to arise from spontaneous generation of the multiple parts required.
c.
Critics argued that Darwin's view of natural selection acting in gradual increments
could not be responsible for forming complex structures and multiple, intricate parts because they had no value until fully formed.
d.
Critics argued that although natural selection did work to select advantageous traits, it could only work to select noncomplex traits.
i.
The initial rejection of Darwin's ideas on natural selection was in large part fueled by the problem of how to explain the evolution of complex structures and multiple, intricate parts. Critics argued that if natural selection was a slow process acting on small differences between individuals, what good would half an eye be? They argued that until a
