KHP 445 Risks & Statistics

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University of Kentucky *

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445

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Arts Humanities

Date

Feb 20, 2024

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pdf

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7

Uploaded by ProfessorSummerMeerkat34

KHP 445: Assignment # 2 (25 pts) Spring 2023 Risk Stratification Vince is a male, 45-year-old high school football coach who works 50-60 hours a week. He is 5’9”, 245 pounds, with total cholesterol of 212 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) of 148 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) of 51 mg/dL, triglycerides of 200 mg/dL, and blood glucose of 120 mg/dL. Vince’s resting heart rate is 83 bpm and blood pressure is 144/88 mmHg. His waist and hip circumference measures are 42 inches and 40 inches, respectively. Vince recently quit smoking two months ago and has one to two glasses of wine with dinner. He reports no leisure-time physical activity and does not exercise on a regular basis (< 2 sessions per month). Vince denies all complaints of chest discomfort and shortness of breath at rest or with exertion; however, he has gained 20 pounds over the last two years. Vince’s wife reports he snores frequently and has difficulty waking up in the mornings. Further testing reveals Vince has obstructive sleep apnea and is being treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). A review of his family history reveals that Vince’s father had double-bypass surgery at age 53 and suffered a fatal myocardial infarction at age 62. Vince’s brother (42 years old) also is hypertensive and was recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, which is being treated with diet and physical activity recommendations. Vince has been referred to your facility for coronary artery disease risk factor reduction and physical activity counseling. How many ACSM risk factors do they have? What are their signs and symptoms of cardiopulmonary disease? What risk stratification category are they in? Should you perform an exercise test prior to them starting an exercise program? Can they enter a moderate or vigorous exercise program before obtaining physician clearance? ● Vince has 8 ACSM risk factors. They include his age, family history, cigarette smoking, sedentary lifestyle, Obesity (BMI: 36.2, Waist measurement of 42 inches), Hypertension, Dyslipdemia, Prediabetes. He also has 1 sign/symptom of cardiopulmonary disease which includes sleep apnea. Vince would be placed in the High-risk category. This means that a medical exam should be performed and clearance must be provided before any exercise can occur. Also, a supervised exercise test needs to take place before starting an exercise program. Tracy is a female, age 21 years, smokes socially on weekends (~10-20 cigarettes). Drinks alcohol one or two nights a week, usually on weekends. Height = 63 in (160 cm), weight = 124 lbs (56.4 kg), BMI = 22 kg/m., resting heart rate is 76 beats per minutes, systolic/diastolic blood pressure = 118/77 mmHg. Total cholesterol is 178 mg/dL, LDL-C = 98 mg/dL, HDL-C = 57 mg/dL, fasting blood glucose is unknown. Currently taking oral contraceptives. Attends group exercise class two to three times a week. Reports no symptoms. Both parents are living
and in good health. How many ACSM risk factors do they have? What are their signs and symptoms of cardiopulmonary disease? What risk stratification category are they in? Should you perform an exercise test prior to them starting an exercise program? Can they enter a moderate or vigorous exercise program before obtaining physician clearance? ● Tracy has 1 ACSM risk factor which includes cigarette smoking. She has no symptoms of cardiopulmonary disease. This means that she would be in the low-risk category. She does not need to have an exercise test or physicians clearance to start an exercise program or partake in moderate to vigorous exercise. Assessing Physical Activity 1. Why is it difficult to assess physical activity? ● Physical activity is hard to assess because physical activity encompasses movement of all kinds. This means that it can be hard to account for all of the movement that someone does in a day. 2. What is the recommendation for minimum daily duration and intensity of PA for kids 5-18? ● Kids 5-18 are recommended to have a minimum of 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity. 3. What is reactivity when discussing assessing PA? ● Reactivity refers to the fact that the awareness that people have from being observed or assessed can alter their performance or behavior. This means that the results of a PA assessment might not be valid because people can change the way they act and do things differently. 4. Describe the four methods of assessing physical activity in terms of how they are conducted, their burden, objectivity, advantages, limitations, and the type of data that can be obtained.
● One method for assessing physical activity is using a PA diary. When participants use this method, they record their physical activity in real time. Some advantages to this method would be that it is cost-effective, easy to administer, and can be time matched to other data. Limitations include that it underestimates short-duration activities, has a short time frame, and it is unsuitable for younger children. Also, this method has a high participant burden. Another method for assessing physical activity is using motion sensors such as pedometers and accelerometers. This method allows for data to be collected through technology, therefore, the advantages are that the data is objective, valid, and reliable. Another advantage to this method is that the data correlates strongly with directly observed activities, information is continuously captured on the activities patterns, and it is simple and low cost. Disadvantages for using motion sensors to measure physical activity would be the inability to record physical activity including horizontal motions, it does not provide data on domain or behavioral type, the device is not always worn, it can be costly, the intensity of activity is not monitored, and there can be high reactivity. Finally, direct observation is another form of physical activity assessments. This is when an independent Observer monitors and Records the physical activity of another person. This is often used with young children and when activity is restricted to a combined space. The advantages of direct observation would be that contextual information is gathered. The disadvantages to this method would be that it is costly, burdensome for the observers, the observer must be trained, the assessment can only be done in controlled settings, and the reactivity bias is present. 5. Young children who spend greater than 30 minutes per day on a screen are at increased risk for what? ● Speech delays Descriptive Statistics 1. For each of the variables listed indicate which scale of measurement is most appropriate. a. Height ● Ratio b. Time it takes to complete a 100 m race
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