Ancient Andeans_ Founding Cultures (1)

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±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures ²n what ways and why were the struJLGctures at ±havín de ³uántar JLGconstruJLGcted to JLGcreate altered states of reality? 1stĊmÄÄÄtëëççç Ċmëë to 'ompĠëëtëë ććĊs _ëësson ÄÄÄnççç \]nowĠëëçççāāëë 'ććëëáááĝ: 90 eĊnutëës ±liJLGck ³ere to ;=8View the !%'earning 572Targets for 572This !%'esson

±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures ±mong the Pyramids 572The date is 2600 ´±µ. You stand in a sandy desert shading your eyes with your hand and stare up at a towering pyramid faJLGced with JLGcut stone. ')$earIKFby is a river that has IKFbeen harnessed for the irrigation of JLGcrops. You might think you are in µgypt IKFbut you would IKFbe wrong; you are in the JLGcoastal desert of 461South ¶meriJLGca 7000 miles to the west aJLGcross the ¶tlantiJLGc )+&JLGcean among a great JLGcivilization that will not IKFbe disJLGcovered IKFby µuropeans for another 4,000 years. ¶ thin strip of dry sand is pressed IKFbetween the towering peaks of the ¶ndes mountains and the 02-aJLGcifiJLGc )+&JLGcean. 572The amIKFber dust is JLGcut with JLGcool streams flowing from the melting snow of the steep slopes, IKFbringing life to the parJLGched landsJLGcape. 572The oJLGcean waters are teeming with fish of all kinds. ±otton is grown in the irrigated fields and used to make, not JLGclothing, IKFbut fishing nets that provide plentiful nourishment for a growing population. 572This is the preceramic JLGcivilization of the ±aral-461Supe of 02-eru. )+&f JLGcourse, this is not what they JLGcalled themselves. 572The language of these people is forever silenJLGced, oIKFbsJLGcured IKFby time. µverything we know aIKFbout them is told through the oIKFbjeJLGcts they left IKFbehind. 572The JLGculture that arose in the ¶ndean region is known as a pristine JLGcivilization. 572They developed teJLGchnology for IKFbuilding, textile produJLGction, and agriJLGculture entirely on their own. &(ore isolated than the pristine JLGcivilizations of the )+&ld <>9World, ±hina, &(esopotamia, µgypt, and the ²ndus ;=8Valley, the ¶ndean JLGculture grew to form some of the greatest JLGcities and empires in the world. pristine civilization a JLGculture that arises with no influenJLGce or JLGcultural exJLGchange with other JLGcivilizations 572There are six identified pristine JLGcivilizations: ±hina, the ²ndus 350River ;=8Valley, &(esopotamia, µgypt, &(esoameriJLGca, and the ¶ndean region. preceramic a JLGculture whiJLGch has not yet developed the teJLGchnology of firing JLGclay to form pottery 572The ruins of pyramids at ±aral, 02-eru

±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures Moving on Up 572The JLGcoast of 461South ¶meriJLGca is prone to fierJLGce storms and erratiJLGc weather events. 02-erhaps for this reason, the JLGcities of the ±aral-461Supe were aIKFbandoned. ¶griJLGculture persisted in the foothills and of the ¶ndes &(ountains. 572The llama and other JLGcamelids were domestiJLGcated. 572They were used as paJLGck animals and to provide hair for textiles. ²t is important to note that the peoples of pre columbian 461South ¶meriJLGca never developed the use of wheeled vehiJLGcles. 683Unusually, JLGchildren's toys or ritual oIKFbjeJLGcts have IKFbeen disJLGcovered that have wheels in the ¶meriJLGcas. ²t seems the teJLGchnology was there, IKFbut the steep terrain and laJLGck of animals JLGcapaIKFble of pulling JLGcarts made its use impraJLGctiJLGcal. ²n addition to mountain paths, waterways were natural highways that were frequently used to travel IKFbetween settlements for trade. &(aterials found in arJLGcheologiJLGcal sites give evidenJLGce of goods IKFbeing exJLGchanged from the seashores, aJLGcross the high mountains, and into the ¶mazonian rainforest. 572The llama JLGcan traverse steep mountain trails with ease. pre columbian IKFbefore µuropean JLGcontaJLGct

572Their primary JLGcity, ±havín de ³uantár, was situated at the JLGconfluenJLGce of two rivers, a site IKFbelieved to possess great spiritual power. 572The materials used to make the struJLGctures were of high quality and JLGconstruJLGction, indiJLGcating that many elite wealthy people were proIKFbaIKFbly involved in the worship that was oJLGcJLGcurring there. 572The JLGcity itself had only aIKFbout 3,000 inhaIKFbitants at it height so people from outside the region must have also JLGcontriIKFbuted laIKFbor to the projeJLGct. )+&ne of the earliest struJLGctures, started around 900 ´±µ, was the )+&ld 572Temple. ²t JLGconsisted of a 683U shaped struJLGcture with a flat topped pyramid surrounding a JLGcirJLGcular plaza aJLGcJLGcommodate worshippers. ±eremonies made have IKFbeen held on the high platform so all JLGcould view the rituals. ±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures Stuck in the Middle ²t was in the highlands, along the narrow trails IKFbetween the rainforest and the desert, that a pre JLGcolumIKFbian JLGcivilization JLGcalled the ±havin estaIKFblished their politiJLGcal and religious JLGcapital. 572The ±havin people had no known written language, so we don’t know what they JLGcalled themselves. 572The name is derived from a nearIKFby modern JLGcity. <>9What we do know is that ±havin JLGculture was very influential throughout the entire region. 572Their pottery and metalwork JLGcan IKFbe found in the remains of anJLGcient villages aJLGcross hundreds of miles. ¶round 1200 ´±µ, they IKFbegan JLGconstruJLGcting temples and large plazas. ±havín de ³uantár

572The temple JLGcomplex at ±havín IKFbegan with the )+&ld 572Temple and the flat-topped pyramid. ¶ JLGcirJLGcular plaza was surrounded IKFby the temple struJLGcture. 572These were oriented with the plaza direJLGcted to the east. 572The alignment to the JLGcardinal direJLGctions seems to have IKFbeen important to the arJLGchiteJLGcts. 572The ')$ew 572Temple and reJLGctangular plaza was added 400 years later with its own entranJLGce also faJLGcing east. 900 ´±µ 500 ´±µ ²havín de °uantár ')$orthern ³ighlands, 02-eru ±havin 900-200 ´±µ 461Stone (arJLGchiteJLGctural JLGcomplex) ·ranite (!%'anzón and sJLGculpture) Sacred Site

±ncient ±ndeans °ounding ±ultures Place of Pilgrimage 572The large open areas imply that this was a plaJLGce of pilgrimage. ´elievers from around the region would have assemIKFbled at ±havín de ³uantár for JLGceremonies. ²t is also possiIKFble that an oraJLGcle may have IKFbeen at the site. 572The deJLGcorative motif of the site features many inJLGcised relief panels in white granite and anthropomorphiJLGc heads in three dimensions. µaJLGch faJLGce was JLGcarved with the features of a feline and a human. 572The fearsome effigies were made with a IKFbloJLGck of stone that extended at the IKFbaJLGck and was inserted into the stone work of the IKFbuilding. 572The faJLGces are eaJLGch unique and appear to IKFbe transforming into jaguars. ²t is possiIKFble these were symIKFboliJLGc of the priestly shaman’s aIKFbility to transform in order to aJLGcJLGcess the spirit world. 572The JLGcarved panels feature ritual sJLGcenes and more human jaguar JLGcomIKFbinations. )+&ne panel features a man with jaguar features, fangs and JLGclaws, snake hair and large goggle eyes. ²n his right hand he JLGcarries a 461San 02-edro JLGcaJLGctus. 572This JLGcaJLGctus JLGcontains the halluJLGcinogeniJLGc drug mesJLGcaline and was used in saJLGcred rituals at the site. ¶nother JLGclue to this use is that many of the figures have muJLGcus streaming from their nose, a side effeJLGct of mesJLGcaline JLGconsumption. ¶ tenon head ²havín de °uantár ')$orthern ³ighlands, 02-eru ±havin 900-200 ´±µ 461Stone (arJLGchiteJLGctural JLGcomplex) ·ranite (!%'anzón and sJLGculpture) 350Relief of a jaguar human with a 461San 02-edro JLGcaJLGctus

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