Hazard_Exploration_1--Layers_of_the_Earth__Attempt_review

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2023/6/5 22:39 Hazard Exploration #1—Layers of the Earth: Attempt review https://ilearn.sfsu.edu/ay2223/mod/quiz/review.php?attempt=394034&cmid=391431 1/21 My Courses / ERTH031004-S23R-5103 / Week 2—All Roses & A Chocolate Covered Cherry :-) —due 13 February / Hazard Exploration #1—Layers of the Earth Started on Tuesday, 7 February 2023, 11:33 PM State Finished Completed on Tuesday, 7 February 2023, 11:36 PM Time taken 2 mins 34 secs Marks 19.00/19.00 Grade 100.00 out of 100.00

2023/6/5 22:39 Hazard Exploration #1—Layers of the Earth: Attempt review https://ilearn.sfsu.edu/ay2223/mod/quiz/review.php?attempt=394034&cmid=391431 2/21 Question 1 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Was the birth of the earth a violent process? A lot of new info on the birth of the earth has come to light in recent years! :-) For an overview on the formation of the planets, my favorite source is the Birth of the Earth video! It is important to watch this video to answer to next few questions in this homework assignment. :-) Do you prefer reading instead of videos? For those students with a strong preference for reading, here's some text on the history of non-gaseous planets in our solar system... Approximately 4.6 billion years ago, the solar system was a cloud of dust and gas known as a solar nebula. Gravity collapsed the material in on itself as it began to spin, forming the sun in the center of the nebula. With the rise of the sun, the remaining material began to clump up. Small particles drew together, bound by the force of gravity, into larger particles. The solar wind swept away lighter elements, such as hydrogen and helium, from the closer regions, leaving only heavy, rocky materials to create smaller terrestrial worlds like Earth. But farther away, the solar winds had less impact on lighter elements, allowing them to coalesce into gas giants. In this way, asteroids, comets, planets, and moons were created. When we speak of the earth's composition in terms of mineral content, we use the model pictured below, which provides names for the earth's layers based on mineral content. Earth's inner rocky core formed first, with heavy elements colliding and binding together to form dense minerals. These dense materials sank to the center, while the lighter minerals stayed at the surface and created the crust. The materials that make up both the crust and inner core are in a solid state. The planet's magnetic field probably formed around this time due to the movement of electrically charged elements in the of the outer core, which is in a liquid state. The force of gravity is an effect produced by the mass of the earth, which captured some of the gases that made up the planet's early atmosphere. Early in its evolution, Earth suffered an impact by a large body that catapulted pieces of the young planet's mantle into space. Gravity caused many of these pieces to draw together and form the moon, which took up orbit around its creator, the planet Earth. The mantle is a layer that consists of relatively less dense minerals compared with the core and relatively more dense minerals compared with the earth's crust.

2023/6/5 22:39 Hazard Exploration #1—Layers of the Earth: Attempt review https://ilearn.sfsu.edu/ay2223/mod/quiz/review.php?attempt=394034&cmid=391431 3/21 Although the population of comets and asteroids passing through the inner solar system is sparse today, they were more abundant when the planets and sun were young. Collisions from these icy bodies likely deposited much of the Earth's water on its surface. Because the planet is in the Goldilocks zone, the region where liquid water neither freezes nor evaporates but can remain as a liquid, the water remained at the surface, which many scientists think plays a key role in the development of life. Exoplanet observations seem to confirm core accretion as the dominant formation process. Stars with more "metals" — a term astronomers use for elements other than hydrogen and helium — in their cores have more giant planets than their metal-poor cousins. According to NASA, core accretion suggests that small, rocky worlds should be more common than the more massive gas giants. The 2005 discovery of a giant planet with a massive core orbiting the sun-like star HD 149026 is an example of an exoplanet that helped strengthen the case for core accretion. "This is a confirmation of the core accretion theory for planet formation and evidence that planets of this kind should exist in abundance," said Greg Henry in a press release. Henry, an astronomer at Tennessee State University, Nashville, detected the dimming of the star. In 2017, the European Space Agency plans to launch the CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite (CHEOPS), which will study exoplanets ranging in sizes from super-Earths to Neptune. Studying these distant worlds may help determine how planets in the solar system formed. "In the core accretion scenario, the core of a planet must reach a critical mass before it is able to accrete gas in a runaway fashion," said the CHEOPS team. "This critical mass depends upon many physical variables, among the most important of which is the rate of planetesimals accretion." By studying how growing planets accrete material, CHEOPS will provide insight into how worlds grow! Text adapted from: https://www.space.com/19175-how-was-earth-formed.html Evidence suggests the planet Earth formed from _______________________.

2023/6/5 22:39 Hazard Exploration #1—Layers of the Earth: Attempt review https://ilearn.sfsu.edu/ay2223/mod/quiz/review.php?attempt=394034&cmid=391431 4/21 Question 2 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Question 3 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Hint: the answer is in this week's video! Select one: a. Repeated volcanic eruptions b. Accretion (accumulation by repeated impact) of asteroid debris  c. Condensation of liquid nitrogen d. The big bang of a super nova e. Accretion (accumulation by repeated impact) of comet debris What is the current consensus on the age of the Earth—determined by scientific investigation of all available evidence? Hints : OPTION 1: I recommend watching the Birth of the Earth for fun facts like this! OPTION 2: Do some internet searching or visit the links in the Overview! Select one: a. 3.5 million years b. 4.5 million years c. 3.5 billion years d. 4.5 billion years  e. 13.5 billion years How has the currently scientifically accepted age of the Earth been precisely determined? Hint: For an overview, my favorite is the Birth of the Earth video! Select one: a. Relative dating of lava ﬂows b. Cosmogenic dating of the craton c. Radiometric dating of meteorites  d. Carbon dating of stromatolites e.

2023/6/5 22:39 Hazard Exploration #1—Layers of the Earth: Attempt review https://ilearn.sfsu.edu/ay2223/mod/quiz/review.php?attempt=394034&cmid=391431 5/21 Question 4 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Question 5 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Which of the following data is NOT listed as a source of evidence in support of the accepted age for the planet Earth? I highly recommend watching the Birth of the Earth video for great overall coverage of this topic. Please also consider the following article, in addition to your text: https://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/earlyearth/questions/age.html Select one: a. Radiometric dates of ancient sedimentary zircon b. Radiometric dates of meteorites c. Radiometric age of stromatolites  d. Radiometric dates of Lunar samples e. Water probably didn’t exist on our planet right away... but the earliest detected water is still really old! Mineral evidence suggests that on Earth, the first surface water—and possibly oceans—formed as early as ______________________________________. Hint : Consider the Birth of the Earth video as a cool source for the story. Select one: a. 4.2 billion years ago from volcanic gases b. 4.2 billion years ago from ﬂuid in meteorites  c. 4.2 million years ago from ﬂuid in meteorites d. 4.2 million years ago from volcanic gases e. 4200 thousand years ago from volcanic gases f. 4200 thousand years ago from ﬂuid in meteorites

2023/6/5 22:39 Hazard Exploration #1—Layers of the Earth: Attempt review https://ilearn.sfsu.edu/ay2223/mod/quiz/review.php?attempt=394034&cmid=391431 6/21 Question 6 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 The deepest interior of the earth is really hot... the temperature is estimated at 6,000 Centigrade , which is about 10,800 degrees Farenheit ). That’s a bit warmer than your average dry sauna. This internal heat is the driver of plate tectonics, but where does the heat come from?? It is important for us to understand temperature and methods of heat transfer. If you haven't already, please watch the following two short videos on temperature and methods of heat transfer: What is temperature? (An atomic view) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUnEyFbqyZQ Methods of Heat Transfer http://www.vtaide.com/png/heat2.htm — Based on your knowledge from the Birth of the Earth and the sources above, which of the following is NOT a significant source of internal heat for the earth? HINT: Consider the curve below, which shows how temperature (shown on the horizontal x-axis) INCREASES with depth below the surface of the earth (shown on the vertical y-axis)! This plot shows that the temperature of the crust is way cooler than the temperature of the earth's core... Why is this so? If the earth's core is hotter than the surface, the source of heat likely exists in the core, right ? Select one: a. Heat generated during the formation of the planet b. Heat released when liquid magma cooled to form the solid inner core c. Heat radiating to the earth from the sun  Ah, yes... we feel this temperature every day! But how could this warm the core any more than it warms our faces?? d. Radioactive decay of elements in the earth’s mantle and core

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