Prelim 2 Practice

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Apr 27, 2024

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Prelim 2 Practice BIOG 1440, Spring Thermoregulation, circulation, salt and water balance, excretion & kidney function, microbiota, digestion Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following statements about the ratio of an animal’s surface area to its volume, SA:V, is FALSE? a. Volume influences heat of metabolism, whereas conduction, convection and evaporation are more influenced by surface area. b. As animals get bigger, their volume increases faster than their surface area. c. Some large poikilotherms have a ratio that allows them to be endotherms once they heat up in the morning. d. Bigger animals have a larger SA:V ratio, and smaller animals have a smaller one. e. The behavioral strategy of curling up in the cold can beneficially alter the animal’s effective ratio. 2. You find yourself in a really hot and humid environment. Which of the following heat transfer mechanisms and associated actions should you employ as the most effective cooling strategy? a. Conduction - You decide to stand in front of a fan b. Convection - You decide to hold a cold bottle to your forehead c. Evaporation - You decide to let sweat naturally cool you down through evaporation d. Conduction - You decide to sit in a cold and calm pool of water 3. A red blood cell (RBC) produced in the bone marrow of your leg gets into the femoral vein and begins its journey. Which of the following statements describes the correct sequence that the RBC will travel in one cardiac cycle? (Note that not all structures in the journey are named, you are just looking for the correct order) a. right atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle, aorta, lung capillary bed b. left ventricle, lung capillary bed, right atrium, right ventricle, aorta c. inferior vena cava, right ventricle, alveolus, aorta, cerebral capillary bed d. lung capillary bed, left ventricle, left atrium, aorta, leg capillary bed

4. Which of the following statements is FALSE about the myogenic rhythm of hearts a. insect hearts have a myogenic rhythm b. the rate depends on the leakage of sodium ions into myocytes c. the transmitter acetylcholine can speed the heart rhythm d. the myogenic rhythm can be modified by transmitters that change the resting potential of myocytes e. the myocytes that generate the rhythm are located in the right atrium 5. The closed circulatory system of mammals requires a strong pump to generate the high pressure needed to move blood around the circuits. Which of the following is FALSE about our vascular system? a. The elasticity of the aorta allows continued pressure as the left ventricle relaxes b. Hydrostatic pressure is important for excretory filtration c. Blood flows faster in the pulmonary artery than in a single capillary in your brain d. Vessel diameter can be modified by hormones and neurotransmitters e. Blood pressure is the same everywhere in the circuit, but velocity changes with vessel diameter 6. The insect open circulatory system is inefficient compared to a high pressure, closed circuit like ours, but they have evolved adaptations to make-up for the inefficiency. Which of the following statements describes such adaptations? a. Oxygen is carried by a separate system of tubes directly to every cell. b. Insect blood sugar concentration is high. c. All of these statements describe such an adaptation. d. Insects have small pumps at the base of appendages. 7. Apples taste sweet but do not perform photosynthesis and the Calvin Cycle to make sugar. Which of the following terms or statements describes a structure or process that is NOT directly involved in making apples sweet? a. Sieve tube elements in the phloem b. Evapotranspiration c. Bulk flow by positive pressure d. Active loading of solute into the vasculature e. Osmotic pressure gradient

8. You just were given a fish pet as a gift and are having trouble telling whether it is a freshwater fish or a saltwater fish. Luckily, you found a fish urine testing setup in the back room and can use it to tell the fish apart! Which of the options below correctly matches the type of fish with the amount and type of urine it would excrete in that environment? a. Saltwater fish – Large volume of urine with a high concentration of salts b. Saltwater fish – Small volume of urine with a low concentration of salts c. Freshwater fish – Large volume of urine with a low concentration of salts d. Freshwater fish – Small volume of urine with a low concentration of salts 9. Upon dehydration, the brain modifies your behavior and can generate thirst as well as induce a craving for salt. Which of the statements below is TRUE? a. Extracellular thirst occurs when blood volume drops. It triggers the activation of baroreceptor cells that stimulate thirst and craving for salt. b. Intracellular thirst occurs when blood osmolarity increases. It triggers deformation of osmoreceptor cells that stimulate thirst and craving for salt. c. Extracellular thirst occurs when blood osmolarity increases. It triggers deformation of osmoreceptor cells that stimulate thirst and craving for salt. d. Intracellular thirst occurs when blood volume drops. It triggers the activation of baroreceptor cells that stimulate thirst. 10. Which statement about the ADH/vasopressin response to dehydration is TRUE? a. ADH/vasopressin stimulates secretion of aquaporins from the proximal tubule b. ADH/vasopressin is secreted in response to low osmolarity and high blood pressure c. ADH/vasopressin promotes the transport of aquaporins from storage vesicles to the luminal side of collecting duct cells d. ADH/vasopressin results in lower blood pressure as water reabsorption is stimulated in the renal 11. Which of the following is TRUE about dehydration and urine production? a. Upon dehydration, low levels of ADH trigger the transport of aquaporins to the plasma membrane of collecting duct cells, decreasing urine production b. Upon dehydration, low levels of ADH trigger the transport of aquaporins to the cytoplasm of collecting duct cells, decreasing urine production

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c. Upon dehydration, high levels of ADH trigger the transport of aquaporins to the plasma membrane of collecting duct cells, increasing urine production d. Upon dehydration, high levels of ADH trigger the sequestration of aquaporins in the cytoplasm of collecting duct cells, decreasing urine production e. Upon dehydration, high levels of ADH trigger the transport of aquaporins to the plasma membrane of collecting duct cells, decreasing urine production 12. Which statement about the nephron is correct? a. The proximal and distal tubules of the nephron are involved in the reabsorption of solutes but not water. b. Hypotonic reabsorption in the proximal tubule allows proximal tubule cells to pump solutes out of the primary urine. c. The capacity of the collecting duct and the loop of Henle to reabsorb water is regulated by hormones. d. The capacity of the distal tubule and the collecting duct to reabsorb water is regulated by hormones. e. None of the other answers is correct. 13. John had a severe bacterial infection and was given a month-long course of antibiotic treatment consisting of a broad range of antibiotics. Immediately after the treatment begins, John may experience all the following EXCEPT: a. Bile acid malabsorption b. Increased circulating short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) c. Less effective processing of drugs d. Temporarily altered emotions or behaviors e. Vitamin K deficiency 14. What factors do rhizobacteria (like Rhizobium) need to produce to enter symbiosis and what is their function? a. Rhizobia produce flavonoids in response to Nod factors so that they can obtain sugar from plant cells and bring nitrogen to the plant b. Rhizobia produce Nod factors in response to flavonoids so that they can obtain sugar from plant cells and bring nitrogen to the plant c. Rhizobia produce Nod factors in response to flavonoids so that they can obtain nitrogen from plant cells and bring sugar to the plant

d. Flavonoids produced by Rhizobia stimulate the growth of an infection thread 15. Which of the following statements about nutrient absorption is FALSE? a. Water absorption occurs in the large intestine. b. Capillaries in the small intestine absorb fats emulsified by bile acids. c. Transmembrane proteins are responsible for absorption of sugars. d. Failure to absorb some digestion products can lead to diarrhea. 16. Which of the following is true about lipid digestion? a. bile salts activate pancreatic lipases and chymotrypsin, both required for lipid digestion b. pancreatic lipases digest lipids emulsified by bile salts synthesized in the gallbladder and stored in the liver c. lipases from the gallbladder digest lipids emulsified by bile salts synthesized in the pancreas d. pancreatic lipases digest lipids emulsified by bile salts synthesized in the liver and stored in the gallbladder 17. Which of the following statements about autotrophs is false? a. They require energy from light or oxidation of inorganic compounds. b. They can synthesize inorganic compounds. c. They can synthesize organic compounds. d. Microbes may be autotrophs e. All the listed statements are true and none are false. Short Answer 18. Children living in abject poverty often have big bellies, which seems paradoxical since they do not have enough to eat. Describe a particular dietary insufficiency and how it could alter the interplay of two pressures in the capillary bed of the belly to produce such symptoms. 19. Kidney a. Shown below is a scheme of the anatomy of the loop of Henle. For each numbered region, specify whether it is permeable to water. In addition, specify

whether sodium is transported across each region, and whether it is due to an active or passive mechanism. Describe where on the figure (top or bottom) the salt concentration is low or high. b. Identify in which of the above regions water is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle. Briefly describe the mechanism that underlies this reabsorption. 20. Digestion: In humans, pH changes occur in at least two different locations in the alimentary canal as ingested food moves through the alimentary canal. For both pH changes, state a. in which two different locations in the digestive tract the pH changes occur b. whether the changes make the ingested food acidic (pH approximately <6), neutral (pH approximately 7) or alkali (pH approximately > 8) c. what causes the pH change in each location, and d. how those changes enable efficient digestion.

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Prelim 2 Practice

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