MOLECULAR ASSESSMENT 03 key

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13SEP2021 MOLECULAR ASSESMENT REVIEW 03 1. Which statement is incorrect regarding restriction enzymes? ☐ All restriction enzymes cut DNA to create a 5’ or 3’ overhang. ☐ Cuts sugar -phosphate backbone on specific sites of each strand. ☐ They are molecular scissors having endonuclease activity. ☐ These enzymes recognize palindromic sequences. 2. What drug was first prepared using recombinant DNA technology? ☐ Human Insulin ☐ Hepatitis B-vaccine ☐ Penicillin ☐ Blood clotting factors 3. A biologist uses ddNTPs to terminate sequencing of the DNA strand. How does it terminate the process? ☐ ddNTPs forms bulky adducts that makes the polymerase to dissociate from strand. ☐ Breaks the hydrogen bonds between two strands. ☐ ddNTPs do not have a 3'-OH group to form a phosphodiester bond with the 5'-PO4 group of the next nucleotide. ☐ It forms DNA duplexes to unwind the strand. 4. Plasmids are extra chromosomes found in a bacterial cell. Why are plasmids commonly used as vectors in gene cloning techniques? ☐ Can act as shuttle between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. ☐ Easily integrates with chromosomal DNA. ☐ Have circular DNA owning a replication origin. ☐ Carry antibiotic resistance genes. 5. Which of the following label was used in the Maxam-Gilbert DNA Sequencing method? ☐ Labeled with 14C ☐ Labeled with 32P ☐ Labeled with 35S ☐ All of the above 6. Identify the method used in Sanger sequencing technique? ☐ Chain termination ☐ Immobilization of probes. ☐ Annealing of primers ☐ Chimera formation 7. Which of the following molecules are separated using the SDS-PAGE? ☐ RNA ☐ Proteins ☐ DNA ☐ Plasmids 8. Which of the following enzyme helps in the joining of the DNA fragments into the vector, in the recombinant technology? ☐ Transcriptase ☐ Polymerase ☐ Helicase

13SEP2021 ☐ Ligase 9. A student amplifies DNA using PCR technique and observes that the efficiency of cycles is reduced. Which among the following is not the probable reason? ☐ The substrate concentration is reduced. ☐ Inadequate sample pipetting. ☐ Improper denaturation of DNA. ☐ Enzyme is sufficiently same. 10. Which of the following is used in the detection of proteins in the western blotting technique? ☐ DNA ☐ Antibodies ☐ RNA ☐ Antigens 11. In which of the following step does primer attach to the single-stranded DNA in the PCR technique? ☐ Annealing ☐ Denaturation ☐ Extension ☐ Elongation 12. Name the enzyme which is used to make complementary DNA from mRNA in the process of constructing cDNA libraries? ☐ DNA ligase ☐ Restriction endonuclease ☐ DNA helicase ☐ Reverse transcriptase 13. The Southern blotting technique is used to detect which of the following molecules? ☐ RNA ☐ DNA ☐ Proteins ☐ All of the above 14. Which of the following is used as the chain terminator in the Sanger method of DNA sequencing? ☐ Dideoxynucleosides ☐ Deoxynucleotides ☐ Deoxynucleosides ☐ Dideoxynucleotides 15. Repeated DNA sequence that is seen at the end of the eukaryotic chromosome is known as ? ☐ Short arm ☐ Centromere ☐ Telomere ☐ Locus

13SEP2021 16. The spread of cancer cells from the point of origin to other parts of the body is known as _________? ☐ Apoptosis ☐ Tumor ☐ Angiogenesis ☐ Metastasis 17. Which of the following bond exist between two amino acids? ☐ Metallic bond ☐ Peptide bond ☐ Phosphate bond ☐ Hydrogen bond 18. Which of the following nitrogenous bases are present in RNA molecules? ☐ Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine ☐ Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil ☐ Adenine, Guanine only ☐ Cytosine, and Uracil only 19. tRNA contains the anticodon arm to recognize the codons in mRNA needed for polypeptide synthesis. Identify the region of the tRNA to which the amino acid is attached? ☐ Phosphate in the tail at 5'-end ☐ Dihydroxyuridine loop ☐ CCA tail at 3'-end ☐ Anticodon loop 20. Which of the following term is used to specify a particular location of a gene on a chromosome? ☐ p arm ☐ q arm ☐ Centromere ☐ Locus 21. The translation is the process of the formation of proteins from mRNA. Identify the order of components that begins and ends with the formation of initiation complex in bacteria during the translation process? ☐ mRNA; tRNA; large ribosomal subunit; small ribosomal subunit ☐ small ribosomal subunit; large ribosomal subunit; tRNA; mRNA ☐ small ribosomal subunit; mRNA; tRNA; large ribosomal subunit ☐ large ribosomal subunit; mRNA; small ribosomal subunit; tRNA 22. After RNA splicing, which of the following RNA will be moved from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for the translation stage during the protein synthesis process? ☐ Precursor messenger RNA with introns and exons ☐ Precursor messenger RNA with exons only ☐ Mature messenger RNA with exons only ☐ Mature messenger RNA with both introns and exons 23. A Sickle cell anemia is an autosomal recessive disease. The characteristic feature of this condition is anemia, sickle shaped red blood cells, and repeated infections. What causes sickle cell anemia? ☐ Glutamic acid is replaced by valine at the 6th position of the beta globin chain.

13SEP2021 ☐ Valine is replaced by histidine at 3rd position of the alpha globin chain. ☐ Aspartic acid is replaced by glutamic acid at the 6th position of the beta globin chain. ☐ Aspargine is replaced by lysine at the 3rd position of the alpha globin chain. 24. How do cancer cells differ from normal cells? ☐ Defective checkpoints in the cell cycle of tumor cells. ☐ The tumor cells remain more time in the G0 phase and suddenly enter the G2 phase. ☐ Unlike normal cells, tumor cells are damaged cells that easily enter apoptosis. ☐ The tumor suppressor genes convert normal cells to tumor cells. 25. Life forms are made up of matter and 96 % of life depends on the basic elements. Identify the basic elements that are essential for life forms. ☐ Carbon, mercury, oxygen, nitrogen, and Phosphorus ☐ Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and Phosphorus ☐ Carbon, calcium, oxygen, nitrogen, and Phosphorus ☐ Carbon, lead, oxygen, nitrogen, and Phosphorus 26. In which of the following genetic disorder, an extra copy of chromosome at position 21 (trisomy 21) occurs? ☐ Patau syndrome ☐ Turner syndrome ☐ Edwards syndrome ☐ Down syndrome 27. Which among the following statements is true about the biosynthesis of proteins? ☐ During transcription, RNA formed from DNA undergoes splicing to form mRNA needed for protein synthesis. ☐ Only a small portion of the single stranded tRNA synthesized from large DNA is used for protein synthesis. ☐ Two strands of mRNA are formed during transcription that is used during protein biosynthesis. ☐ All the information coded on DNA is transferred to mRNA thereby codes for proteins. 28. How does the chromosome fit compactly inside the nucleus? ☐ Histone proteins bound to the nuclear envelope forms loops around the DNA. ☐ DNA coils around histone proteins to form nucleosomes. ☐ The chromosomes are equally distributed between the nucleus and mitochondria. ☐ Half of the chromosome fits inside the nucleus while the other half surrounds the nucleus bound to histone proteins. 29. A biologist finds a particular mutation that makes the cell replicate DNA unsuccessfully. He observed that the DNA strand was separated, primer is added but the new strands are not formed. Identify the protein or enzyme involved in the replication process that is mutated? ☐ DNA primase ☐ DNA ligase ☐ DNA polymerase ☐ DNA helicase 30. Identify the process that happens after the replication of DNA in parent and daughter strands? ☐ DNA polymerase involves in the methylation of the parent strand. ☐ All methylation is lost after replication in both strands. ☐ Methylation enzymes act to correctly methylate new daughter strands after replication. ☐ Unmethylated DNA is found in the nucleus while methylated DNA is found in the cytoplasm.

13SEP2021 31. Metal ions are essentially needed for all human beings. The protein hemoglobin is responsible for the formation of red blood cells. Identify the metal ion is present in the hemoglobin protein of red blood cells? ☐ Sodium ☐ Iron ☐ Calcium ☐ Lead 32. Why does DNA mostly exist as double and not as single stranded? ☐ DNA easily pairs with proteins to form a double stranded structure. ☐ Replication occurs easily with double stranded DNA. ☐ Double stranded DNA is a more stable structure. ☐ The DNA in the double stranded form can easily be repaired. 33. Sickle cell anemia is an example of what type of genetic disorder? ☐ Mitochondrial disorder ☐ Multiple gene disorder ☐ Chromosomal disorder ☐ Single gene disorder 34. Which of the following strand of DNA will be transcribed to mRNA during the transcription process? ☐ The leading strand of DNA serves as a template strand ☐ The sense strand of DNA serves as a template strand ☐ Both sense and antisense strands of DNA serves as a template strand ☐ The antisense strand of DNA serves as a template strand. 35. If cancer occurs due to a mutation in the gene, then this gene mutation occurs at which phase of the cell cycle? ☐ G1 phase ☐ G2 phase ☐ M phase ☐ S phase 36. Which among the following disease is an example for autosomal dominant inheritance. ☐ Achondroplasia ☐ Sickle cell anemia ☐ Duchenne muscular dystrophy ☐ Hypophatemic rickets 37. The Escherichia coli contains an rRNA, this particular rRNA has the dual function of ribozyme and structural RNA. ☐ 18S rRNA ☐ 23S rRNA ☐ 5S rRNA ☐ 5.8S rRNA 38. Identify the level of protein structure that is considered the first stage in the process of protein folding. ☐ Quaternary structure ☐ Secondary structure ☐ Primary structure ☐ Tertiary structure

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