Week_7_Lab-Introduction_to_Food_Macromolecules_and_Protein_Synthesis

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Chamberlain University College of Nursing *

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Biology

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Feb 20, 2024

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CHEM120OX, Week 7 OL Lab Virtual Lab Week 7: Introduction to Food Macromolecules Learning Objectives  Understand the types of macromolecules found in food  Understand the structure of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids  Detect macromolecules in food samples Introduction Macromolecules are very large molecules created by the polymerization of small units called monomers. Most of the macromolecules are present in everyday life, for instance in food. Learn about biological macromolecules There are several types of biological macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. All macromolecules, except lipids, are polymers. A polymer is a long molecule composed of chains of monomers. Monomers are small molecules that serve as building blocks of polymers. In addition, there are also oligomers in nature. Oligomers are molecular complexes composed of a few monomer units, instead of the theoretical unlimited number of monomers. Dimers and trimers are oligomers composed of two and three monomers, respectively, such as lactose in milk for instance. However, in biochemistry, an oligomer usually refers to a macromolecular complex formed by non-covalent bonding of a few macromolecules, such as nucleic acids or proteins. An example is the oligomers found in many neurodegenerative diseases, such as the alpha-synuclein aggregations in Parkinson’s disease. Help your friend with your macromolecule knowledge In the Introduction to Food Macromolecules simulation, you will help your friend get a healthy diet and investigate the types of macromolecules found in food. By performing a series of biochemistry tests, you will know the contents of various food items. Can you use your macromolecule knowledge to convince your friend to change her diet to a healthier one? Study the transcription and translation processes Begin by learning about the transcription process of DNA to RNA. Discover the translation process where an RNA sequence is read by a ribosome inside a cell and the corresponding to amino acids are made. With these two processes any protein can be made. How do the amino acids form different proteins? Synthesis of proteins from amino acids Find out how amino acids are assembled to make proteins. A 3D animation describes how triplets of codons in the RNA sequence are translated into amino acids. Observe how these amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds to create a polypeptide chain: this is the primary structure of a protein. Then watch as the primary structure is folded into secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. Discover the two main types of secondary structure and see an example of how the tertiary structure of a protein can be modified post-translation. 1

CHEM120OX, Week 7 OL Lab Part 1: Complete Labster Lab: Introduction to Food Macromolecules Purpose: Describe in complete sentences and in your own words, the purpose of this experiment. The purpose of this simulation was to learn about the different macromolecules found in our foods and to learn the purpose of those macromolecules and how they affect our bodies. Observations: Record three observations from the simulation. 1) Proteins are made up of amino acids. DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded. 2) RNA does not have thymine. It is replaced with uracil. 3) DNA has thymine, adenine, guanine, and cytosine. Answer the questions below 1. Describe the key functions in the body of the biomolecules you studied in this virtual lab AND include key structural details. a. Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are an energy source for the body. They control blood glucose and insulin metabolism, participate in cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism, and help with fermentation . They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. b. Proteins: Proteins help with tissue repair and maintains the body’s fluid and pH balance. It also transports and store nutrients and act as an energy source for the body. They are made of linear chains of amino acids. c. Lipids: Lipids regulate hormones, transmit nerve impulses, used as an energy reserve, and cushions vital organs. They are made of a glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group. 2. Choose a food in your house. What are some of the biomolecules you expect to be in this food and why? The food I choose is eggs, one of my favorite things to eat. Eggs are considered a protein. Both the egg white and the egg yolk contain proteins, but the egg yolk also has a little fat and carb content. 2

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