NURG 533 Final Study Guide

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Feb 20, 2024

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NURG 533: Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology Mid-Term Study Guide CELLULAR BIOLOGY -- Plasma membranes are composed of what two main components? Lipids and proteins -- Transportation across selectively permeable plasma membranes via active transport involves transporting molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration with the aid of transport molecules in the cell membrane an energy in the form of ATP. -- Which of the following is important to the survival of a cell due to its ability to control the composition of the space that it encloses? Plasma membrane -- Types of specialized tissue: Epithelial – covers most of the internal and external surfaces of the body Connective – most common as the framework on which epithelial cells cluster to form organs Muscle – composed of long, thin cells or fibers call myocyte, which are highly contractile. Neural – composed of highly specialized cells called neurons, which receive and transmit electrical impulses -- The resting membrane potential is about -70 millivolts. Changes in resting membrane potential convey messages from cell to cell. When there is a net movement of sodium into the cell, the negativity value in millivolts become “zero” this is called? Depolarization -- Most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained in the: nucleolus -- What are the two main types of cell death? Necrosis and apoptosis -- In cellular metabolism, the process by which energy is released is: Catabolism -- Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction? Peroxisomes -- Which form of cell communication is used within the cell itself and will allow ions to travel from the inside of one cell to the inside of another cell? Also, if not present, it can result in the formation of cancerous tumors. Protein channel (gap junction) -- What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps? Proteins -- A patient who has diarrhea receives a 3% hypertonic saline solution intravenously to replace the sodium and chloride lost in the stool. What effect will this fluid replacement have on cells? They will shrink

-- Passive transport is best described with which statement? Being driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion. -- What causes the rapid change in resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential? Sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive. -- Which statement is true about eukaryotic cells? They contain compartments called organelles. -- Which statement is true about phagocytosis? Phagocytosis involves the ingestion of bacteria. -- Dysplasia refers to a(n): Modification in the shape of a specific cell type. -- What is the single most common cause of cellular injury? Hypoxic injury -- Shrinkage of the thymus gland during childhood is an example of: Physiologic atrophy -- A patient who is found to have atypical dysplasia should be informed that they have cancer and should be referred to an oncologist immediately for treatment. False -- The two main types of cell death are necrosis and apoptosis. True -- Enlargement of quadricep muscle in a runner is an example of: Physiologic hypertrophy -- In decompression sickness, emboli are formed by bubbles of: Nitrogen -- Which statement is a description of the characteristics of apoptosis? Programmed cell death of scattered, single cells. -- What physiologic change occurs during heat exhaustion? This is considered the most common heat-related injury. Hemoconcentration occurs because of the loss of salt and water. - Free radicals cause cell damage by: Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane -- Carbon monoxide causes tissues damage by: Binding to hemoglobin so that it cannot carry oxygen. -- Which statement is true regarding the difference between subdural hematoma and epidural hematoma? A subdural hematoma is often the result of shaken baby syndrome, whereas an epidermal hematoma rapidly forms as a result of a skull fracture. -- Which of the following hyperthermic injuries is the most life-threatening and should be treated as a medical emergency? Heat stroke -- Which of the following is a reversible process in regard to replacement of one mature cell type with another cell type? Metaplasia FLUID & ELECTROLYTE / ACID BASE / STRESS, INFLAMMATION & IMMUNITY

-- Despite efforts to eliminate this chemical (which interferes with the function of neurotransmitters) from paint and gasoline, poisonings with this agent continue to occur: Lead -- Long term exposure to this chemical which can be found in fish, vaccines, and dental fillings may be linked to conditions such as ALS, Alzheimer’s disease, MS, and Parkinson’s: Mercury -- What occurs in the cells when the following solutions are given? - Isotonic: No shrinking or swelling of the cells - Hypertonic: Cells shrink - Hypotonic: Cells swell -- A burn patient in the ICU has a generalized third spacing of fluid. What is this called? Anasarca -- Your patient reports severe diarrhea for the past week. He is experiencing the following signs and symptoms: Muscle weakness, cramping, and fatigue. Telemetry reveals frequent arrhythmias. Based on what you know so far, which of the following lab results would you expect to see? Low potassium (normal level is 3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L) The fact that the patient has been having diarrhea for the past week is the way to differentiate between hypo and hyperkalemia) -- Diseases caused by fungi are called: Mycoses -- The clinical hallmark of immune deficiency is what? Recurrent, unusual, and/or severe infections. -- Which are the largest in size of normal white blood cells? Monocytes -- A 34 year old make was hiking in the Grand Canyon in 100 degree heat. He got lost and ran out of water. The only food he had were high protein energy bars. When he was found, he was thirsty, restless, and confused. He is brought to the ER and his serum sodium was 152 mEq/L. What does he have? Hypernatremia (normal level is 135 - 145 mEq/L) -- An isotonic solution has the same concentration of electrolytes in the ICF as in the ECF. -- Which statement is characteristic of HIV? HIV is a retrovirus. -- During a parasitic invasion and an immune response in the human body, which cells are considered to be the primary responders? Eosinophils -- Normal serum calcium level is: 9.0 - 10.5 mg/dL -- What is a result of stress-induced norepinephrine? Peripheral vasoconstriction -- What regulates calcium and phosphate? Parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, calcitonin -- The hallmark of most infectious diseases is what? Fever -- Match the electrolytes to their characteristic features:

- Calcium: Major cation for structure of bones and teeth - Sodium: Major cation in the extracellular fluid - Potassium: Major cation in the intracellular fluid -- Which of the organs compensate the fastest for an acid-base imbalance? Lungs -- What is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells? Increased vascular permeability -- During a stress response, the helper T (Th) 1 response is suppressed by which hormone? Cortisol -- The initial response of the inflammatory process is activated in order to do what? To prevent infection of the injured tissue -- Where is 2/3 of the body’s water found? Intracellular fluid compartments -- Edema may be caused by: Increased capillary membrane permeability, increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, lymphatic obstruction -- Hypernatremia symptoms: convulsions, pulmonary edema, hypotension, tachycardia -- Hyponatremia symptoms: lethargy, headache, confusion, apprehension, seizures, coma -- Hyperkalemia symptoms: muscle weakness/paralysis, cardiac arrest, dysrhythmias -- Hypokalemia symptoms: skeletal muscle weakness, smooth muscle atony, cardiac dysrhythmias, U wave on ECG -- Hypercalcemia symptoms: kidney stones, muscle weakness, decreased neuromuscular excitability, constipation, heart block -- Hypocalcemia symptoms: increased neuromuscular excitability, muscle spasms, Chvostek ad Trousseau signs, convulsions, tetany GENETICS -- A transient neonatal disease represents which type of reaction? Alloimmune -- The ICF (intracellular fluid) includes: fluid inside the cell -- Chvostek and Trousseau signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance? Hypocalcemia -- Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are four observable signs of the vascular response (inflammation). True -- When a child inherits a disease that is autosomal recessive, it is inherited from: Both parents

-- The most clinically useful technique for prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities at 3 months (12 weeks) gestation is: Chorionic villus sampling -- What is the diagnosis of a 13 year old female who has a karyotype that reveals an absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome present with features that include a short stature, wide spaced nipples, reduced carrying angle at the elbow, and sparse body hair? Turner Syndrome (45X) -- Autosomal dominant disease cannot have generational skipping. -- Autosomal recessive disease can have generational skipping. -- The term for an error in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis or mitosis is: Nondisjunction -- When a woman has one first-degree relative with breast cancer, her risk of developing breast cancer is how many times greater? Two -- The presence of a zygote having one chromosome with the normal complement of genes and one with a missing gene is characteristic of which genetic disorder? Cri du chat -- Which clinical manifestation would be expected for a child who has complete trisomy of the twenty-first chromosome? An IQ of 25 to 70, low nasal bridge, protruding tongue, and flat, low set ears. -- What is the most common cause of Down syndrome? Maternal nondisjunction -- The interchanging of genetic material between nonhomologous chromosomes is called ___________. Translocation -- The data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in 600 African Americans is an example of which concept? Prevalence -- Cystic fibrosis is caused by an autosomal recessive gene. -- It is currently believed that the risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease: Doubles among those with an affected first-degree relative. -- It is better to have extra chromosome material than not enough. True -- Match the disease with its chromosomal abnormality. - Down syndrome: an additional chromosome joining the normal homologous pair - Klinefelter syndrome: two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome - Turner syndrome: single X chromosome with no homologous X or Y chromosome - Cri du chat: deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5

-- Match the genetic terms with the corresponding diseases. - Autosomal recessive: sickle cell anemia - X-linked recessive: hemophilia A - Autosomal dominant: Huntington’s disease - Multifactorial: Coronary heart disease -- Consanguinity refers to the mating of: Persons having common family relations -- What is the second most commonly recognized genetic cause of mental retardation? Fragile X syndrome -- A child with which genetic disorder has a characteristic cry? Cri du chat -- DNA formation occurs in which of the cell’s structures? Nucleus -- Match the following: - Short arm: p (petit) - Long arm: q - XY: male - XX: female - First 22 pair of chromosomes: autosomes - The 23 rd pair of chromosomes: sex chromosomes - Mutagen: radiation -- What syndrome, characterized by an absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome, exhibits features that include a short stature, widely spread nipples, and webbed neck? Turner syndrome -- An amniocentesis indicated a neural tube defect when an increase in which protein is evident? Alpha fetoprotein -- Match the following syndrome with their correct karyotype: - Down’s syndrome: 47 XX or 47 XY (trisomy 21) - Turner’s syndrome: 45 X (monosomy X) - Edward’s syndrome: 47 XX or 47 XY (trisomy 18) - Klinefelter’s syndrome: 47 XXY - Metafemale syndrome: 47 XXX (trisomy X)

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