biol131 hw8 kyle han

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Homework 8 | Chapter 43 | 20 Points Question 1) In the sea urchin embryo, after how many cleavages will the cells no longer be identical to each other? (2 points) A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 Question 2) Regarding Xenopus eggs, what do the heavy yolk platelets correspond with? (2 points) A. The Ribosomes B. The Cortical Cytoplasm C. The Animal Pole D. The Vegetal Pole Question 3) What might happen if the hypoblast cells cannot delaminate from the epiblast in chicks? (2 points) A. The Blastocoel cannot form B. Cells from the area opaca will fill in the space leading to a normal chick development C. The area pellucida will collapse D. Blastulation will not be affected Question 4) Which of the following is not true regarding polarity and asymmetry in animal eggs? (2 points) A. Pigmentation distribution may be different in the cells B. Animal pole often becomes the head of the organism C : C

C. Animal pole often becomes the backside of the organism D. When an animal egg is fertilized there is already asymmetry Question 5) What gives the grey crescent the grey color? (2 points) A. The diffuse black pigment being made visible due to the 30 degree shift of the clear cortical cytoplasm to the left B. The diffuse black pigment being made visible due to the 30 degree shift of the pigmented cortical cytoplasm to the left C. The clear cortical cytoplasm is grey D. The pigmented cortical cytoplasm is grey Free Response Questions: FRQ 1) Describe with a diagram the basic processes involved in the differentiation of the trophoblasts during the formation of the blastocyst in mammals. What are the proteins being expressed? What is their function? What changes do they make?. (5 points) FRQ 2) Draw a diagram of the fate map of a frog blastula showing different population of cells. Mention the tissue/organ system which will develop from each population of cells. (5 points) 1. During the formation of the blastocyst in mammals, the trophoblasts undergo di ff erentiation, forming two distinct cell populations: the inner cell mass (ICM) and the outer layer of cells known as the trophectoderm (TE). Initially, the blastomeres in the morula are all equivalent and have the potential to form any cell type in the embryo. However, as the cells begin to di ff erentiate, they form a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel, and the cells at the outer edge of the blastocyst become the trophoblasts. The trophoblasts then begin to express di ff erent proteins that drive their di ff erentiation. For example, the transcription factors Cdx2 and Gata3 are expressed in the outer cells of the blastocyst, promoting their di ff erentiation into trophectoderm cells. The transcription factor Oct4 is expressed in the inner cells, which will become the inner cell mass. The trophectoderm cells then continue to di ff erentiate, with some cells becoming syncytiotrophoblasts, which form a multinucleated layer that invades the uterine lining, and others becoming cytotrophoblasts, which form a single layer of cells that anchor the embryo to the uterus. Several proteins are expressed during trophoblast di ff erentiation, each with their own function. For example, the transcription factor Cdx2 is necessary for the formation of the trophectoderm, while the transcription factor Elf5 is involved in the di ff erentiation of the trophoblast cells into syncytiotrophoblasts. In addition to transcription factors, various signaling pathways are also involved in trophoblast di ff erentiation, including the Wnt and Notch pathways. These pathways help regulate the expression of specific genes and ensure that the trophoblasts di ff erentiate into the correct cell types. Overall, trophoblast di ff erentiation is a complex process involving the expression of many di ff erent proteins and signaling pathways. However, it is crucial for the proper development of the embryo and the establishment of a healthy pregnancy. 2. The blastula is a ball of cells that has undergone multiple rounds of cell division after fertilization. At this stage, the embryo has not yet undergone significant di ff erentiation, and all the cells are still pluripotent, meaning they have the potential to become any type of cell in the body. However, as the embryo continues to develop, the cells become more specialized, and their fate becomes more restricted. In the diagram, you can see di ff erent regions of the blastula marked with di ff erent colors. Each region represents a distinct population of cells with a di ff erent fate. The di ff erent populations of cells and the tissue/organ systems they will develop into: Animal hemisphere: This region gives rise to the ectoderm, which forms the skin, nervous system, and sense organs. Vegetal hemisphere: This region gives rise to the endoderm, which forms the lining of the digestive tract, as well as the mesoderm, which forms the muscles, bones, and internal organs. Marginal zone: This region gives rise to the mesoderm and endoderm. Dorsal lip: This region gives rise to the organizer, which secretes signaling molecules that help establish the body axes and determine the fate of neighboring cells. animal y " " " Ventral ✗ " marginal endoderm zone vegetal animate pole plate " ÷ , [ skin ) ( neurons mesoderm endoderm ( muscle , kid " " ( digestive bone , gonads ) organs , / angst vegiii.ie B , " " * " tut ! ::qqi÷÷÷ . uterine ¥ :* : " ' " fluid Blastocyst cavity junction → Basolateral surface afire ☒ ← ✗ ✓ yummy of ol " Surf "wbkH voice " we " -

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10 @ 2 # 3 Question 6 During the start of the third week of development, numerous lacunae appear in the primary extraembryonic mesodermal reticulum to form the future chorionic cavity. Between which two layers does this mesodermal layer initially appear? Select one: O a. Syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast @ O O b. Exocolomic (Heuser's) membrane and cytotrophoblast. c. Syncytiotrophoblast and extracoelomic (Heuser's) membrane d. Epiblast and hypoblast O e. Syncytiotrophoblast and endometrium Previous page Not yet answered $ 4 24 Marked out of 1,00 % 5 4 A 6 P Flag question MacBook Pro <44) & 7 * x 8 ( 9 c -0 D - { + 11 } Next page delete

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Embryo is a solid ball of cells 2. (a) Describe the difference between pluripotent and multipotent stems cells.

h F2 What kind of cell is indicated by the pointer? OA. red blood cell OB. cuboidal cell OC. fibroblast OD. hepatocyte QUESTION 4 What is the name for the embryonic tissue that developed into this tissue? O A. connective tissue O B. ectoderm O C. areolar O D. mesenchyme Click Save and Submit to save and submit. Click Save All Answers to save all answers. /11 F3 O O Ei IX F4 10 F5 1) F6 S PrtScn F7 Home F8

1. In the keyhole concept for the shape of the cross-section of enamel rods a. The tails are directed mesially b. The heads are directed mesially c. The heads are directed incisally d. The tails are directed incisally 2. Spermatozoa in the uterine tube is ingested by a. Pellicle b. Phagocytes? c. Lamellae d. cuticle 3. Origin of Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath a. Ectoderm b. Rest of Malassez c. Cervical loop? d. Dental lamina?

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