Transcription Translation A17a (1)

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Cégep Vanier College *

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Biology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Transcription Translation A17 Your Names 1 1. Fill in the table: Transcription Translation Where does this process occur in a eukaryotic cell? Nucleus Cytoplasm What is the enzyme that carries out this process? RNA polymerase Ribosomal enzymes What is the template that is read during this process? DNA RNA In what direction is the template read? 3’ → 5’ 5’→ 3’ What is the start signal/sequence for this process? Promoter Start codon What is the polymer that is formed? RNA Polypeptide What monomer is used to form this polymer? Ribonucleotides Amino acids What type of bond is formed between monomers? Phosphodiester Peptide In what direction is the new polymer formed? 5’→ 3’ N → C Amino to carboxyl What is the stop signal/sequence for this process? Transcription Terminator Stop codon 2. Below is the double-stranded DNA sequence of part of a hypothetical yeast genome, which happens to contain a very small gene. Transcription starts at the Transcription Start Site (TSS) after the promoter (shown in yellow), and proceeds in the direction of the arrow. Transcription stops at the end of the Transcription Terminator (shown in blue). a) Which strand of DNA shown, the top or the bottom, is the template strand? bottom b) What is the sequence of the mRNA produced from this gene? Label the 5’ and 3’ ends. 5’ GAGCCAUGCAUUAUCUAGAUAGUAGGCUCUGAGAAUUUAUCUC 3’ c) What is the sequence of the protein produced from the mRNA in (b)? Label the N and C termini. N-Met-His-Tyr-Leu-Asp-Ser-Arg-Leu-C
d) If a mutation were found where a T/A (top/bottom) base pair were added immediately after the T/A base pair shown in bold, what would be the sequence of the mRNA? What would be the sequence of the protein? 5’ GAGCCAUGCAUUUAUCUAGAUAGUAGGCUCUGAGAAUUUAUCUC 3’ N-Met-His-Leu-Ser-Arg-C 3. Shown below is a double-stranded bacterial (E. coli) DNA sequence coding for a hypothetical protein. Both strands are shown; the top strand reads 5’ to 3’ left to right, while the bottom strand reads 5’ to 3’ right to left. The nucleotides are numbered 1 to 100. NOTE: For this problem, transcription begins with and includes the red and underlined C/G (top strand/bottom strand) base pair and RNA polymerase proceeds from left to right along the DNA. a) Which strand is used as a template for transcription, the top or the bottom? bottom b) Where would the promoter be relative to the start of transcription? The promoter would be to the left of the transcription start site c) What are the first 15 nucleotides of the resulting mRNA? Indicate the 5' and 3' ends of the mRNA. 5’ CUAAUAUUGUGAGAU 3’ d) What are the first 5 amino acids translated from the resulting mRNA? Indicate the amino (NH+3) and carboxy -(COO) termini of the protein. N Met-Leu-Tyr-Pro-Ala C e) Do the underlined nucleotides TAA (indicated in blue) encode a stop codon for the protein? Briefly explain your answer. No. The underlined TAA is not read as TAA because of the reading frame. The sequence GA TAA T forms the codons: GAU AAU Consider the situations in parts (f-h) independently. f) A mutation occurs which results in the insertion of an extra G/C (top strand/bottom strand) base- pair immediately after base pair 11 (shown in bold). What effect will this insertion mutation have on the mRNA transcript and resulting protein? The mRNA will be longer by one nucleotide, but because the insertion is prior to the start codon, the protein is unchanged. g) A different mutation results in the substitution of the T/A base pair at position 30 (shown in bold and underlined) with a G/C base pair. How would this mutation affect the sequence of the protein that is produced? The codon UAU encoded Tyr, but now it is UAG, a stop codon. The protein is truncated. h) A third mutation occurs which results in the substitution of the C/G base pair at position 42 (shown in bold italics) to a T/A base pair. How would this mutation
Transcription Translation A17 Your Names 3 affect the sequence of the protein that is produced? The codon AAC which encoded Asn, now is AAU, which also encodes Asn. The protein is unchanged 4. A mutation is found in a tRNA-encoding gene. The wild type allele produces a tRNA that recognizes the codon GA A, and is charged with the amino acid Glutamic acid. The mutant tRNA is still charged with Glu, but the anticodon is mutated such that it recognizes the codon TAA. What effect will this have on translation in these cells? How will the proteins produced be different? It is important to recognize that, in normal cells, the codon TAA is a stop codon. In the mutant cells, the stop codon TAA will sometimes be bound by the mutant tRNA charged with Glutamic acid. In this case, the polypeptide synthesis will continue past the stop codon and the protein made will be longer than normal 5. If 20% of the DNA in a guinea pig cell is adenine, what percentage is cytosine? Explain your answer. If 20% is adenine, then 20% is thymine. The remaining 60% is composed of cytosine and guanine in equal percentages so that each makes up 30% of the DNA. 6. What are snRNPs (pronounced "snurps")? Where do they function in the cell? The two essential components of snRNPs are   protein   molecules and   RNA . The RNA found within each snRNP particle is known as   small nuclear RNA , or   snRNA , and is usually about 150   nucleotides   in length. The snRNA component of the snRNP gives specificity to individual introns by " recognizing " the sequences of critical splicing signals at the 5' and 3' ends and   branch site   of introns. The snRNA in snRNPs is similar to   ribosomal RNA   in that it directly incorporates both an enzymatic and a structural role. snRNP s (pronounced "snurps"), or   s mall   n uclear   r ibo n ucleic   p articles , are   RNA -protein complexes that combine with unmodified   pre-mRNA   and various other proteins to form a spliceosome , a large RNA-protein molecular complex upon which   splicing   of   pre- mRNA   occurs. The action of snRNPs is essential to the removal of   introns   from   pre-mRNA , a critical aspect of   post- transcriptional modification   of RNA, occurring only in the   nucleus   of   eukaryotic cells . 7. Label the following regions of a mature mRNA: 1) 5’ cap 2) 5’UTR 3) Coding region 4) 3’UTR 5) PolyA tail 8. Label the following regions or subunits, and explain something about them. 2 3 4 5 1
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