ESS6

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Feb 20, 2024

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Hunter Walters Professor Morris BIOL& 100 5/13/23 ESS6 1. A haploid is one set of 23 chromosomes, or gametes. Two examples of haploids are egg cells and sperm cells from mothers and fathers respectively. A diploid is a somatic cell that contains two sets of 23 chromosomes. Two examples of diploids are skin cells and muscle cells. Diffen.com. (n.d.). Diploid vs haploid . Diffen. https://www.diffen.com/difference/Diploid_vs_ Haploid 2. Nondisjunction is when sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes do not separate during the stages of meiosis, this causes chromosomal abnormalities and disorders. This is caused when either the homologous chromosomes do not separate during meiosis 1 or when the sister chromatids don’t separate during meiosis 2. Fowler, S., Roush, R., Wise, J. (2013, April 25). 7.3 variations in meiosis - concepts of biology . Para. 7 & 8. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/7-3-variations-in- meiosis 3. The cell cycle is the process of cells growing, replicating DNA, and dividing into two daughter cells to replace older and worn-out cells. The two main stages of the cell cycle are interphase and the mitotic phase. One event that happens in the mitotic phase is cytokinesis. There are 3 phases in the interphase stage, which are: The G1 phase: The cell accumulates proteins, the building blocks of chromosomal DNA, and energy to replicate DNA. The S phase: The mitotic spindle begins to form while the chromosomes are being replicated. The G2 phase: The cell synthesizes proteins and regains its energy to prepare for the mitotic phase. Fowler, S., Roush, R., Wise, J. (2013, April 25). 6.2 The cell cycle - concepts of biology . Para. 1 – 5. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/6-2-the-cell-cycle 4. Diploid-dominant: Humans form haploid gametes from diploid germ cells and reproduction occurs when two gametes fuse.
Haploid-dominant: Black bread mold reproduces when the mold’s hyphae meet and form zygosporangium, which contains multiple haploid nuclei that get fused into form diploid nuclei. The diploid nuclei undergoes meiosis until the right conditions are met, after meiosis, spores are produced and germinated into fungi. Alternation of generations: Ferns are made from haploid spores, after reproducing and fertilizing, a diploid zygote is formed and is turned into a sporophyte via mitosis and the spores from the sporophyte become haploids again via meiosis. Khan Academy. (n.d.). Sexual life cycles (article) | meiosis . Khan Academy. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/meiosis/a/sexual- life-cycles 5. Prophase: Nuclear envelope breaks into small vesicles and sister chromatids start to tightly coil. Prometaphase: A connection between the cytoskeleton and chromosomes begin to form and chromosomes condense more. Metaphase: Chromosomes align into the metaphase plate and sister chromatids maintain attached to each other. Anaphase: Chromatids get pulled to the centrosome and the cell gets elongated. Telophase: Mitotic spindles break down into monomers and the first three stages of this process are reversed. Fowler, S., Roush, R., Wise, J. (2013, April 25). 6.2 The cell cycle - concepts of biology . Figure 6.4, para. 8 – 12. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/6-2-the-cell- cycle 6. The stages of meiosis are interphase, meiosis 1 and meiosis 2. Three differences between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2 are: Meiosis 1 produces two haploid daughter cells from one diploid parent cell, while meiosis 2 produces four haploid daughter cells from two haploid parent cells. Homologous chromosome pairs are separated during meiosis 1 and sister chromatids separate during meiosis 2. Crossing over happens in meiosis 1 but does not happen in meiosis 2. Learn By Doing. (2022, March 1). Meiosis I and meiosis II: What is their difference?. Albert Resources. https://www.albert.io/blog/difference-between-meiosis-i-and-meiosis-ii/
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