Ch19McgrawhillSmartbook 19

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School

San Antonio College *

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Course

1407

Subject

Biology

Date

Feb 20, 2024

Type

pdf

Pages

Uploaded by CorporalBook6857

smartbook (6) question answers Carbohydrates, fat, and protein provide ______ needed for body functions while vitamins and minerals do not.~ calories Basal metabolic rate is measured:~ 12-14 hours after eating Synthesis reactions are also called _____ reactions.~ anabolic Small organic essential nutrients that serve as coenzymes are called _________.~ vitamins The energy-providing dietary molecules include ______, as well as carbohydrates and fats.~ proteins The metabolic rate of an awake, rested, comfortable individual 12-14 hours after eating is called the ________ metabolic rate.~ basal The term anabolism refers to:~ synthesis reactions A molecule that has an unpaired electron and is therefore highly reactive is called a(n) _____.~ free radical List the sources of calories for the body.~ Protein, Fats, Carbohydrates The formation of glycogen is ______.~ glycogenesis The maintenance of the amount of adipose tissue in the body is due to the activity of a regulatory system called the ______.~ adipostat Intestinal bacteria can produce the __ vitamins.~ K Adipose tissue _____ influence hunger and metabolism.~ does Adipocytes are the site of storage of _____.~ triglycerides The major site of energy storage in the body is _____ adipose tissue.~ white Triglycerides are stored in cells called _________.~ adipocytes What is the function of white adipose tissue?~ Energy storage White adipose tissue stores fat as a droplet of __________.~ triglycerides ____ occurs in times of plenty and _____ occurs in times of fasting.~ Lipogenesis; lipolysis As part of a negative feedback loop, ________ tissue is a ff ected by hunger and metabolism. Thus, this tissue must also influence hunger and meta adipose Adiponectin, leptin, and resistin are examples of hormones released by adipocytes, called ________ and are the regulatory that influence hunger.~ adipokins The fat present in the mesenteries and greater omentum of the abdomen is called _________ fat.~ visceral Lipolysis occurs in times of _____ and lipogenesis occurs in times of _____.~ fasting; plenty What are adipokines?~ Hormones released by adipocytes Name the brain area involved in hunger and eating.~ Hypothalamus White adipose tissue stores fat as a droplet of ______.~ triglycerides Caloric expenditure includes ______.~ basal metabolic rate ,physical activity, adaptive thermogenesis During the postabsorptive state the ______.~ movement of energy carrier molecules is very low in the intestine Basal metabolic rate, adaptive thermogenesis, and physical activity are components of:~ caloric expenditure of the body Energy substrates (glucose, etc.) are stored during the _____ state and released during the _____ state.~ absorptive; postabsorptive List the three major components of caloric expenditure by the body.~ adaptive thermogenesis,basal metabolic rate,physical activity The fat located immediately deep to the skin is called ________ fat.~ subcutaneous Energy substrates (glucose, etc.) are _____ during the absorptive state and ______ during the postabsorptive state.~ stored; released The brain region called the contains areas involved in hunger and eating behavior.~ insula The role of insulin during digestion is to ______.~ promote the uptake of glucose and anabolism _____ causes glycogenesis and ______ causes glycogenolysis.~ Insulin; glucagon Blood levels of glucose and amino acids are low during the ______ state.~ postabsorptive Plasma glucose is maintained in large part due to the secretion from the _____.~ liver Diabetes mellitus can be caused by the ______.~ inadequate secretion of insulin Fasting, when the concentrations of the blood glucose and amino acid fall, is also known as the __________ state.~ postabsorptive During the _________ state, cellular uptake of glucose and amino acids occurs, with increases in glycogenesis, protein synthesis, and lipogenesis. absorption The liver secretes glucose into the blood during the _________ state.~ fasting Glucagon causes _______. glycogenolysis Blood levels of glucose and amino acids are elevated during the ______ state. absorptive Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a(n) ______ disease. autoimmune The main source of glucose during the postabsorptive state is _______:~ the liver A fall in the blood glucose stimulates the release of the hormone ___________, which increases the gluconeogenesis in the liver.~ glucagon Individuals with type __ diabetes tend to be insulin resistant.~ II Which of the following is most consistent with hypoglycemia?~ Insulin shock Inadequate secretion or action of insulin results in the condition called:~ diabetes mellitus Type 2 diabetes is associated with ______.~ an insulin resistance List hormones that antagonize the action of insulin in carbohydrate metabolism. thyroxine,growth hormone,cortisol Overdose of insulin is termed insulin ______.~ shock Indicate the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla: ~ epinephrine; norepinephrine Insulin shock causes:~ hypoglycemia Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by what endocrine structure?~ Adrenal medulla Type __ diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease.~ one Which of these thyroid gland hormones is physiologically more active?~ T3 (triiodothyronine) The adrenal medulla secretes a category of hormones known as the ______.~ catecholamines Parathyroid hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and calcitonin are involved in the regulation of:~ calcium balance At target cells, ____ is converted to _____ before it can have an e ff ect on the cells.~ T4; T3 Bone resorption occurs by the action of cells called __________. Bone deposition occurs by the action of __________.~ osteoclasts; osteoblasts The e ff ects of growth hormone are often mediated by a group of proteins called:~ insulin-like growth factors List the hormones involved in calcium regulation.~ parathyroid hormone, 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, calcitonin Parathyroid hormone is released in response to a drop in blood ____ concentration.~ Ca2+ Osteoblasts are involved in bone _____ and osteoclasts are involved in bone _____.~ deposition; resorption Conversion of the precursor ______ to vitamin D requires sunlight.~ 7-dehydrocholesterol The parathyroid hormone is responsible for regulating the ______.~ blood Ca2+ levels The parathyroid hormone is secreted due to the _____.~ low blood Ca2+ levels Parathyroid hormone levels are controlled via negative feedback by blood levels of ________.~ calcium Exposure to sunlight is needed to begin production of ____ by the skin.~ vitamin D As plasma concentration of calcium rises, secretion of parathyroid hormone _______.~ decreases 1

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