Ecology 1 Gabriel Ware

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Eastern Gateway Community College *

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315

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Biology

Date

Oct 30, 2023

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docx

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Gabriel Ware BIO 315 Prof. D’Alessandro Oct 7 th , 2023 Male Pattern Baldness Suppose you work for a NewMed Labs, the developer of many different pharmaceutical products. Your research division has stumbled across a new drug that you believe cures male pattern baldness. Before you can start selling the drug, you must demonstrate to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration that the drug is effective. a. What is the research question being asked? The research question being asked would be how effective is the drug being administered in curing male patterned baldness. b. What is your hypothesis? The drug can cure male baldness but may depend on other factors as well which affect the potential success rate of the drug. c. What is the null hypothesis? The drug has no influence over the effectiveness rather the genes among other factors are what determine how the drug will react to each user. You design an experiment with 500 men who diagnosed with male pattern baldness. They are divided into two groups: group A is men receiving the drug while group B is men receive a placebo, a drug that is known not to effect baldness. In this study, the men receive the drug or a placebo once a day. All of the men will have the number of hairs per square inch of scalp measured in a clinic once per week. c. What is the independent variable? The drug administered to the 500 men including the placebo data. d. What is the dependent variable? The length of hair measured in square inches. e. Which group is the experimental group?

The experimental group are the men who are taking the drug that potentially promotes hair growth in in male pattern baldness (group A). f. Which group is the control group? The control group are the men who will be receiving a placebo in place of the drug to determine if the outcome is affected by other factors (group B). g. What are the controls in this experiment? The controls in this experiment are the drug that potentially affects baldness and the placebo drug that doesn’t affect hair growth. Black-headed Gulls Niko Tinbergen (1907-1988) was a Swedish Ethologist (animal behaviorist) famous for studying animals in their native habitats. One of his classic experiments involved a bird called the black-headed gull ( Larus ridibundus ). Black-headed gulls build nests of twigs on the ground and lay light brown eggs with dark brown spots. However, the inside of the egg is white in color. Tinbergen noticed that adult gulls pick up the eggshells shortly after a chick has hatched and fly them to a location far from the nest. Since this behavior required expending energy and time that could have been spent feeding and protecting the chicks, Tinbergen wanted to know why the birds did this. Problem: Why do black-headed gulls remove eggshells from the nest? Hypothesis: The white interior of the shell is not camouflaged and attracts predators to the nest. Therefore, the gulls remove the shells to decrease predation. Test: Tinbergen collected gull eggs and painted 69 of them white and left 68 of them with their natural color. (Statistically, these numbers are close enough to be considered equal.) He then scattered the eggs next to a gull breeding area and observed from a nearby blind. Predation rates were recorded for white versus natural colored eggs. Data: Original Number of Eggs Eggs Taken by Predators Eggs Not Taken White Eggs 69 43 26 Natural Eggs 68 13 55 a. What are the independent and dependent variables in this experiment?

The independent variable was the number of eggs in total while the dependent variable was the color of the eggs that were taken. b. Do the results of this experiment support the hypothesis? Why, Why not? Yes, the hypothesis was supported by the data due to the substantial difference in eggs being taken by predators. The eggs Niko had painted white were taken more often than the natural color eggs, though there could be potentially more data to be tested and record to conclude the original hypothesis. c. Are you 100% sure (without a doubt) that your hypothesis is correct? (Is it proven?) I can say the hypothesis was correct but would not suggest the testing being stopped there. It was proven but does not suffice as the final reasoning as to why the birds remove the shells from the nest. d. If you were working with Tinbergen, what would you suggest be done next? Why? I would suggest that to Tinbergen that we color all the eggs white and see the success rate as well as see where the gulls take the shells they have from the nest. Tadpoles You are conducting an experiment to determine if increased ultraviolet radiation from the decrease in the ozone layer is killing off frog tadpoles. After examining all of the data available in the library, you decide to go with a hypothesis that increased ultraviolet radiation from the sun is killing off the tadpoles. You design an experiment with a control and an experimental group. Group 1 involves 100 tadpoles in a five-gallon container of water, covered by glass (knowing that the glass will filter out the ultraviolet radiation). Group 2 will be set up exactly like group 1, except that instead of being covered with glass, it is covered with an acrylic plexiglass, which will not filter out the U.V. radiation. You then place the groups outside for a period of one month and observe the results. Results Group 1 Group 2 Number of tadpoles at the start 100 100 Number of tadpoles at the finish 96 96 Using this information, answer the following questions. a. What are the independent and dependent variables?

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