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All of the following are true of antibodies EXCEPT: Each individual antibody molecule is specific for more than one type of antigen They are made of proteins They are also called immunoglobulins They are produced in response to antigens They are produced by plasma cells

Where along the chain of infection can we, as medical care providers, easily break to reduce the transmission of contaminants and infectious agents? Justify your response.

An infection that starts in one location but is allowed to spread through the body is called a infection. O Systemic O Focal O Localized

Describe the different ways a disease can be transmitted? What impact do we have as human that can support the control of transmission? What tactics, skills and/or techniques will you implement going forward to help control the transmission of microbes in your daily life?

Match the periods of disease with their characteristics:  incubation period prodomal period period of illness period of decline period of convalenscence Word bank   - pathogen begins to decline in number and symptoms begin to abate - signs and symptoms of illness are obvious and severe  - initial signs and symptoms of illness begin to present    - host recovers and returns to a general state of health    - pathogen begins to establish itself in the host, but no signs or symptoms are present

Pathogenic microbes that cause disease in health care settings fall under which category of organisms? O 1) Normal flora O 2) True pathogens O 3) opportunists 3) O 4) Nosocomial

Most organisms that are considered resident microbes would fall into which of the following categories of symbiotic relationships with their host organisms? Commensalism Amensalism Resident microbes are not in symbiotic relationship with their host organisms Parasitism Mutualism

As microbes come in contact with humans there are variables that come into play determining if the microbe will cause infection, colonize onto the host without any issues or is removed by the hosts immune system. Microbes that become associated with us and don't cause any issues should be a benefit and provide us with something useful (i.e. vitamin or prevent colonization of other microbes). Please research a microbe that is normally associated with us, considered a normal flora, and provides a benefit.  Answer each of the following about the microbe you choose. 1. Scientific name of the microbe. 2. Where it is normally found on/in the human body? 3. What is the benefit/advantage the microbe provides to us? Explain in 3-4 sentences. 4. An interesting fact about the microbe not related to the benefit/advantage. 5. Can this microbe cause disease in its human host? Explain why or why not in a few sentences.

Which of the following is NOT true of bacterial exotoxins?   Important in the pathogenesis of many human diseases Their toxic effect can be systemic, affecting cells distant from the primary site of infection  None of the other four answers (All are true of bacterial exotoxins) Different exotoxins may affect different types of cells (e.g., nerves, gastrointestinal mucosa) Some exotoxins have two components, A (active) and B (binding)

The attachment of a pathogen to host cells requires that  Group of answer choices pathogen adhesins bind specifically to host glycoproteins. host antibodies attach to the pathogen adhesins. the resident microbiota be unbalanced. pathogen toxins enter the cell by endocytosis.

pathogen Stronger selection for competition within hosts leads to virulence while stronger selection for movement between hosts favors pathogen virulence. Neutral; advanced Increased; reduced Reduced; increased Limited; natural

Do not use Ai and chatgpt

The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is commonly found in the nasal cavity of healthy people. If inhaled into the lungs, however, it may cause pneumonia. Staphylococcus aureus is best described as   a parasite. both resident microbiota and opportunistic pathogen. a mutualist symbiotic partner. resident microbiota. an opportunistic pathogen.

Which of the following is a difference between transient and resident microbiota?   Transient microbiota are pathogenic, and resident microbiota are not.   Resident microbiota remain on the host for an extended period.   Humans do not have transient microbiota.   Transient microbiota can be opportunistic pathogens, and resident microbiota cannot.   Resident microbiota cause disease and transient microbiota do not.

Below are statements about symbiosis.  Choose the correct responses. ( Only pick one answer per [ ] )       ["Commensalism", "Mutualism", "Parasitism"]  is a term that describes when two organisms both benefit from a relationship.  One example of this you will view is lab is       ["Viruses Infecting Bacteria", "Yeast Fermenting sugar", "Bacteria such as Rhizobium living in plant structures called root nodules"]  .       ["Commensalism", "Mutualism", "Parasitism"]  is a term that describes when one organism benefits, while the second organism is not harmed, and does not benefit.       ["Commensalism", "Mutualism", "Parasitism"]  is a term that describes when one organism benefits while the second organism is harmed.  In lab you will explore       ["Viruses Infecting Bacteria", "Yeast Fermenting sugar", "Bacteria such as Rhizobium living in plant structures called root nodules"]  as an example of this relationship.

Which of the following is NOT a change in behavior that can negatively alter microbial composition? O use of preterm antibiotics during pregnancy O larger family size use of antibacterial soaps O reduced breastfeeding

Interactive Microbiology: The Human Microbiome ← microbiota microbial antagonism transient parasitism opportunistic infections resident commensalism mutualism pathogenic infections The normal disease. Symbiotic relationships fall into one of three categories: benefits and the other is unaffected; consists of all the microbes that live on or in the host and that do not cause host. II The organisms are only present for only a short period of time in the body. Through microorganisms from establishing themselves. The normal microbiota exhibits in which both organisms benefit; and in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed. , in which one organism microbiota are long-term residents of the body, whereas the normal microbiota benefits the host by preventing pathogenic which protects the host from may occur when members of the normal microbiota colonize abnormal regions of the ASUS

When a bacterium is pathogenic, how does it affect its host (the plant or animal that the bacterium lives in or on)?     it causes disease in the host     it benefits the host     it definitely improves the host’s environment     it has no effect on the host

portal of entry opportunistic Infection morbidity pathogen healthcare-associated infection virulence factors pathogenicity toxemia Entry into the host by a which can cause disease in a healthy host pathogen can be via a which can cause disease in an immunocompromised host which can establish can lead to attachment and avoidance of host defenses, which depend on may be caused by normal biota may be caused by drug- resistant microbes such as enzymes and toxins that may trigger may enhance which together with fever other signs and symptoms define a Reset

Which microbes predictably cause NO negative effects when they are inside you?   Microbes that are only transmitted vertically.   All horizontally transmitted microbes.    Microbes that are transmitted horizontally with the involvement of a vector.   Microbes that are transmitted horizontally without the involvement of a vector.

Pick a specific microbiome (i.e. skin, mouth, gut, reproductive) and discuss interesting points and how it is important to human health/diversity/etc. Here you can discuss any aspect of the microbiome that you like. Whatever is of most interest to you personally for example the uniqueness of an individual’s microbiome or disease states due to disruptions in bacterial communities, etc. Find a recent (2015 or newer) primary research article that investigates some aspect of the microbiome environment that you discussed in question 2 and discuss the findings and how it has increased our understanding of the microbiome.

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the virulence of a pathogen? The concentration microbes in the host cell wall toxins enzymes All of the above contribute to the virulence of a pathogen

What are the microbes called which colonize our bodies and actually help us to survive by aiding digestion or guarding against infection.     vectors     normal flora     pathogens     fomites

Is this a graph of an acute, chronic or latent disease?

Which of the following are factors that can put hospitalized patients at risk of contracting nosocomial infections? Choose all that apply. Sick patients coming in to the hospital can bring pathogens with them Shared caretakers and equipment can transmit microbes between patients Patients may be exposed to antiseptic chemicals O An ill person has weakened immune function MacBook Air DD F9 F8 吕0 000 F7 F6 F5 F4 F3 & #3 $ 8 4 この

Communicable diseases caused by microbes must have A portal of exit only O A portal of entry only Both a portal of entry and a portal of exit O Neither a portal of entry nor a portal of exit MacBook Air 80 000 000 F8 F7 F6 F4 F5 F3

Stomach acid has a pH of approximately 1 which is very strong. This kills most microbes that reach the stomach. This is the ___ line of defense.     chemical     physical     mechanical     cell mediated

This question is from health but can you still answer?

The success of a pathogen in invading an organisms depends on the number and the pathogens. O visibility O adhesiveness adherence O quality of

Which of the following scenarios does NOT describe a method by which the normal microbiome can cause disease? O ingestion of food contaminated with an enteric pathogen O spread of infection in an individual with complement factor deficiency O invasion of tissues through surgical wounds O a cancerous lesion in the colon

Yeast infection following antibiotic therapy is an example of _______ infection     . acute     chronic     direct contact     opportunistic     exogenous

If someone is contaminated with a bacterium from the environment, are they guaranteed to develop a disease? O Yes, contamination precedes disease and only one microbe is needed for disease development. Yes, a contamination implies that the patient will develop an illness. O No, contamination is just the mere presence of microbes in or on the body. O No, only non-living surfaces may be contaminated.

The microbiome could be considered an organ system for all of the following reasons EXCEPT O Changes in the microbiorme can have negative impacts on health O The microbiome functions relatively independent in regards to the other organ systems in the body The microbiorme is inherited mainly from the mother O There are 10X more human cells than microbiota cells

An antimicrobial agent shows selective toxicity when specifically: An antimicrobial agent is said to exhibit selective toxicity when it specifically: Select one: O does not induce the development of resistant strains of microorganisms O kills or destroys many species of microorganisms O kills or inhibits the microorganism with minimal or no damage to host cells O penetrates rapidly into host cells and tissues O does not interfere with host defense microorganisms