Assignment 1-Cellular Structure and Function

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Florida State College at Jacksonville *

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1010C

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Biology

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Oct 30, 2023

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docx

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Cellular Component Structure Description Function(s) Nucleus Membrane-bound organelle containing DNA and nucleolus. Stores genetic material (DNA), controls cell activities, and synthesizes RNA. Plasma Membrane Lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell, provides cell recognition, and maintains cell shape. Cell Wall Rigid outer layer (in plant cells) made of cellulose. Provides structural support and protection to plant cells. Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance filling the cell interior. Houses various organelles and serves as a site for many cellular processes. Ribosomes Small, granular organelles made of RNA and protein. Synthesize proteins by translating mRNA. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane system with ribosomes attached. Involved in protein synthesis, processing, and transport. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane system without ribosomes. Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies drugs, and stores calcium ions. Golgi Apparatus (Dictyosome) Stacks of membranous sacs involved in protein processing. Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport. Vesicles Small membrane-bound sacs. Transport molecules between organelles and to/from the cell membrane. Chloroplasts (Thylakoids) Membrane-bound organelles containing chlorophyll (thylakoids). Site of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into chemical energy (glucose). Mitochondria (Inner Membrane) Double-membrane organelles with a folded inner membrane (cristae). Produce ATP through cellular respiration, the powerhouse of the cell. Peroxisome Membrane-bound organelles containing enzymes. Break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances, involved in lipid metabolism. Glyoxysome Specialized peroxisomes in plant cells. Convert stored fats into carbohydrates during germination in plants. Cytoskeleton (Microtubules, Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments) Network of protein filaments. Provides structural support, maintains cell shape, enables cell movement, and aids in intracellular transport. Vacuoles Membrane-bound sacs for storage. Store water, ions, nutrients, and waste products; maintain turgor
pressure in plant cells. Large Central Vacuole Large membrane-bound vacuole found in plant cells. Stores water, helps maintain cell shape, and stores pigments and toxins. Chromoplasts Organelles containing pigments other than chlorophyll. Responsible for the synthesis and storage of colorful pigments in plant cells. Leucoplasts Colorless organelles involved in the synthesis of starches and oils. Store starches, oils, and other non- pigmented substances in plant cells. Amyloplast Type of leucoplast specialized in starch storage. Store starch granules, which serve as an energy reserve in plant cells.
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