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Extensions of Mendelian Genetics Week 10 – Friday October 27, 2023
• Module #2 Review Session – Sunday October 30 th • Location: Spalding 155 • 8:30 AM Class – 10 AM to 11 AM • 9:30 AM Class – 11 AM to 12 PM • Exam #2 • Open at 8:30 AM on Monday October 31 st • Closes at 11:55 PM on Tuesday November 1 st • 1 hour, ~40-45 multiple choice questions, Open book • Link for Evaluation for this module (i.e., extra credit) was sent on Wednesday, due Sunday at 5:00 PM (268 responses so far) • Module #3 with Dr. Tricas starts Monday (there IS class!) • STUDY GUIDE!!! Updates and reminders
Dominant pedigree • Affected offspring have an affected parent • Each generation has an affected individual II 1 2 3 4 I III 1 2 1 2 3
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Recessive pedigree example • How do we know this is a recessive pedigree? • With a recessive trait: • Two healthy parents can produce affected offspring (Not all generations have an affected individual) II 1 2 3 4 I III 1 2 1 2 3 3 I’m referring to direct lineage here
Learning Objectives Extensions of Mendelian Genetics Incomplete Dominance Codominance Sex -linked traits Polygenic inheritance Multiple allelic genes
Incomplete Dominance: Dominant allele doesn’t completely mask the recessive allele (leads to blending phenotype). Codominance : Both alleles are dominant; neither can ”mask” the effects of the other Incomplete Dominance vs Codominance
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Not All Genes Show Dominant/Recessive Relationships Incomplete dominance This is when the heterozygous condition is intermediate. For flower color of snapdragons: Red (RR) X White ( rr) = Pink (Rr) Does this mean Mendel was wrong? Figure 12.7
Not All Genes Show Dominant/Recessive Relationships Incomplete dominance This is when the heterozygous condition is intermediate between the parents. For flower color of snapdragons: Red (RR) X White (rr) = Pink (Rr) Does this mean Mendel was wrong? https://microbenotes.com/incomplete-dominance-definition-mechanism-examples/
What Happens When You Mate Two Pink Individuals Together ? No, Lets see what happens when we cross Rr X Rr. White and Red didn’t disappear, they can be recover in this cross. Therefore blending inheritance is still not supported Other examples of incomplete dominance: Wavy hair in humans and coat color in horses. 1 Red : 2 Pink : 1 White https://microbenotes.com/incomplete-dominance-definition-mechanism-examples/
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Not All Genes Show Dominant/Recessive Relationships Co -dominance Blood types A, B and AB have different antigens attached to them. Blood type O does not have antigens. Antibodies will attack foreign blood type. Reason you have to know blood type before transfusion. Type 0 has no antigens and is universal donor. https://socratic.org/questions/what-type-of-blood-cell-has-proteins-on-it-that-determines-blood-type
Not All Genes Show Dominant/Recessive Relationships Codominance Type AB has both antigens A and B and is universal acceptor. Type AB expresses both antigen A and B, and therefore exhibits codominance. https://socratic.org/questions/what-type-of-blood-cell-has-proteins-on-it-that-determines-blood-type
Multiple alleles Mendel dealt with only two alleles, a dominant and a recessive for each gene. This may be true for an individual, but taken at the species level, multiple alleles: A gene having more two alleles may occur. For example coat colors for rabbits have four alleles. Allele C Allele c Allele c ch Allele c h However, each rabbit will only have two. Figure 12.8
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Multiple Alleles Multiple alleles occurs in blood types. Blood has three alleles , I A , I B and i. There are six genotypes for the different blood groups. Blood Type Genotype A I A I A AA I A i AO B I B I B BB I B i BO AB I A I B AB O ii OO
If two people with type AB blood had offspring, what is the probability that their child would have type A blood? A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75% Alleles I A I B I A I B
If two people with type AB blood had offspring, what is the probability that their child would have type A blood? A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75% Alleles I A I B I A I A I A I A I B I B I A I B I B I B
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X- Linked Inheritance Sex chromosomes in humans are X and Y, XX = female XY = male: The Y chromosome only controls maleness and has no genes associated with it. The X chromosome has many genes that are linked to it. Genes on the X chromosomes are said to be sex-linked .
X - Linked Inheritance Sex linked traits are more likely to occur in men because they only have one X chromosome. So even if trait is recessive, it will be expressed in men if they have the allele. Trait may not appear in women because the other X chromosome may be a dominant allele that will prevent expression of the recessive trait. Color blindness and hemophilia are examples pf recessive sex linked traits.
Color Blindness Red -green color blindness is one example of this x-linked recessive disorder. Unable to distinguish between red and green. Lets label the two alleles for the X-linked trait as B (normal) and b (color blind) Usually written as: X B , X b Remember, females have two X chromosomes while males only have one. X B X B = Normal X B X b = Normal X b X b = Color blind X B Y = Normal X b Y = Color blind
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We Can Predict the Chance Male Offspring Will Be Color Blind Consider this mating: X B X b x X b Y, What percent of males will be color blind? X b Y X B X b
We Can Predict the Chance Male Offspring Will Be Color Blind Using Punnett Square, we find that 50% of males will be color blind. X b Y X B X b Males X b X b X b Y X B Y X B X b
Hemophilia A well known example of a family with hemophilia is Alexandra, the wife of Czar Nicholas II, the last czar of Russia. Alexandra did not have hemophilia, but was a carrier and passed the allele to her children. Nicholas II had a normal X chromosome.
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Sex Linked Inheritance Pedigree of Alexandra and Czar Nicholas II.
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X - linked Trait Example: Calico Cats Only female cats are Calico (tri colored) Gene for coat color on X BUT! It’s a lot more complex than just inheriting an X chromosome with orange or black alleles X inactivation (silencing of an entire X chromosome) Epigenetic mechanisms! tortoiseshell cat calico cat
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X - linked Trait Example: Calico Cats https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/stem-explained/science-behind-calico-cats-colours Piebalding: White areas arising because of lack of pigmentation in cells. XB = Orange Xb = Black tortoiseshell cat
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Polygenic Inheritance Height is determined by polygenic genes, i.e., multiple genes determine trait. Cannot predict how tall children will be as adults. Yao Ming and family:
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Polygenic Inheritance NBA players with short parents under six feet: https://howtheyplay.com/team-sports/Tall-NBA-Players-With-or-Who-Had-Relatively-Short-Parents Jeremy Lin 6’3” Michael Jordan 6’6” Russell Westbrook 6’3” Mom and Dad: 5’6” Mom: 5’5”, Dad: 5’9” Mom: 5’7”, Dad: 5’8” Wilt Chamberlain 7’1” Moses Malone 6’10” Mom: 5’9”, Dad: 5’8” Mom: 5”2”, Dad: 5’6” Others
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Polygenic Inheritance Eye color was once thought to be dominant recessive. Now known to be controlled by multiple genes. Eye color also occurs in continuum and not only in specific colors. Gene Eye Color Chromosome ECL1 Green/Blue 19 ECL2 Brown 15 ECL3 Brown/Blue 15 ? Gray ? ? Hazel ?
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Polygenic Inheritance Iris fibrous tissue in eyes also forms a unique pattern in an individual’s eyes. Now being used for i.d. verification.
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Summary There are exceptions to strict dominance: incomplete dominance and co-dominance Sex chromosomes exhibit unique patterns on a pedigree compared to autosomes (non-sex chromosomes) Traits may be controlled by multiple genes may work together.
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