BIO Notes - Amanda Do

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Delaware County Community College *

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100

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Biology

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Oct 30, 2023

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docx

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1. What characteristics are used to distinguish living from nonliving things? a. It is a living thing if it has these characteristics i. Requires materials and energy 1. Need to eat and drink 2. Having enough sleep and energy ii. Living things can reproduce and develop 1. Living things grow and develop as time passes 2. Living things have the ability to reproduce and procreate to create offspring iii. Life responds to its environment 1. Our habits and our natural instinct iv. Life maintains a internal environment 1. Keep our health in good shape for example: a. Regulating body temperature b. Keep energy needs stabilized such as eating and drinking enough v. Living things have the ability to adapt 1. As time passes and things change we are able to adapt to things for example living in higher altitudes cause the atmosphere to have less air and so as we live in higher altitude and the air quality is not as good our lungs over time learn to adapt to the environment 2. Our body grows and change with the environment 2. Organization of matter on earth? a. Atom i. Smallest unit of an element; composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons b. Molecule i. Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements c. Cell i. The structural and functional unit of all living organisms d. Tissue i. A group of cells with the common structure and function e. Organ i. Composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task f. Organ system i. Composed of multiple organs working together g. Organism i. An individual; Complex individuals that contain organ systems h. Species i. A group of same similar, interbreeding organisms

i. Population i. Organisms of the same species in a particular area j. Community i. Interacting populations in a particular area k. Ecosystem i. A community plus the physical environment l. Biosphere i. Regions of the earth’s crust, waters, and atmosphere inhabited by living organisms 3. Atomic molecules and Bond a. Atomic molecules are made up of subatomic particles which are neutrons, protons, and electrons. i. Neutrons are neither positive or negative ii. Electrons are negatively charged iii. Protons are positively charged b. Bonds are what help atoms stick together 4. How do Atoms stick together? a. Ionic bonds i. This bond forms between 2 or more atoms by the transfer of one or more electrons b. Covalent bonds i. This bond consist of the mutual sharing of electrons between two atoms 5. Difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds. a. Nonpolar covalent bonds - Bonds where the sharing of electrons is fairly equal. b. Polar covalent bonds - Bonds where the sharing of electrons is unequal. 6. Difference between polar/hydrophilic molecules and nonpolar/hydrophobic molecules a. Hydrophilic - type of molecule, often polar, that that interacts with water by dissolving in water and/or by forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules b. Hydrophobic - type of molecule that is typically nonpolar and therefore does not interact easily with water 7. Organic or inorganic molecules a. Organic molecules are complex molecules that primarily are made of carbon atoms bonded with other elements and/or other carbon atoms b. inorganic molecules are molecules that do not consist ant carbon atoms 8. Organic molecules of life a. Nucleic acids b. Proteins c. Lipids d. Carbohydrates 9. How we get from monomers to polymers a. Monomers join form together during dehydration synthesis

b. Polymers break down during hydrolysis 10. Carbohydrates > Glucose a. Carbohydrates are used for fast energy providers. They also play a structural role in a variety of organism b. Monosaccharides —- Simple sugars i. Monosaccharides consist of one/mono carbohydrates ii. Pentose - these consist of 1 monosaccharides and 5 carbons iii. Hexose - these consist of 1 monosaccharides and 6 carbons iv. Glucose is a hexose sugar and play a big role in living organisms v. Disaccharides - contain 2 monosaccharides that have joined during dehydration synthesis vi. Polysaccharides —- Complex sugars 1. Energy storage - Plants store energy in the form of starch unlike animals they store energy in the form of glycogen 2. Structural - Cellulose is found in plants walls which help make the structure of it stronger 11. Iipids a. Lipids are a source of long term energy. They are a type of organic compound and tend to be soluble in water; includes fats and oils b. Triglycerides:Fats and oils i. They are neutral fat composed of glycerol and three fatty acids; typically involved in energy storage c. Fats - Organic molecule that contains glycerol and three fatty acids: energy storage molecule d. Saturated - Fatty acid molecule that lacks bonds between the carbons of its hydrocarbon chain. The chain bears the maximum number of hydrogen possible e. Unsaturated - Fatty acids molecule that contains double bonds between the carbons of its hydrocarbon chain; thus contains fewer hydrogen than a saturated hydrocarbon chain. f. Trans Fat - They are unsaturated fatty acids chain in which the configuration of the carbon; Carbon double is such that the hydrogen atoms are across from each other, as opposed to being on the same side g. Phospholipids - the molecule that forms the bilayer of the cell’s membrane; has a polar, hydrophilic bonded to nonpolar, hydrophobic heads h. Steroid - type of lipid molecule having 4 carbon rings (Cholesterol, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone 12. Proteins a. Monomer: Amino Acids b. Functions: i. Metabolism ii. Support iii. Transport

iv. Defense v. Regulation vi. Motion 13. Nucleic Acids a. DNA - Double helix b. RNA - single stranded form c. Monomer - Nucleotide d. ATP - Energy 14. Vitamins and minerals a. Vitamins are organic substances, which means they're made by plants or animals. Minerals are inorganic elements that come from soil and water, and are absorbed by plants or eaten by animals. 15. Metabolism, ATP, and life processes a. Metabolism - Metabolism is the process by which the body changes food and drink into energy. During this process, calories in food and drinks mix with oxygen to make the energy the body needs. Even at rest, a body needs energy for all it does. b. ATP - Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level. The structure of ATP is a nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups. c. Life processes - The basic processes of life include organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movements, and reproduction. In humans, who represent the most complex form of life, there are additional requirements such as growth, differentiation, respiration, digestion, and excretion. All of these processes are interrelated. 16. Animal cell, plant cells, Organelles, etc a. Organelle - Small, membranous structure in the cytoplasm having a specific structure and function. b. Plant cells - Plant cells are the basic unit of life in organisms of the kingdom Plantae c. Animal cells - Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and mitochondria are four cell components that are found in both animal and plant cells. 17. Animal cell a. Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm and mitochondria are four cell components that are found in both animal and plant cells. hey give bodies structure, absorb nutrients to convert to energy, and help animals move. They also contain all the hereditary material of an organism and can make copies of themselves 18. Plasma Membrane a. The membrane surrounding the cytoplasm consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; which functions to regulate the entrance and exit of molecules to and from the cell.

19. What is the nucleus a. Membrane-bound organelle within a eukaryotic cell that contains chromosomes and controls the structure and function of the cell. 20. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) a. System of membranous saccules and channels in the cytoplasm, often with attached ribosomes b. Rough endoplasmic reticulum - Membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in cells; has attached ribosomes. c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in eukaryotic cells; site of lipid synthesis; lacks attached - ribosomes. 21. Golgi Apparatus, Vesicles and Lysosome a. Golgi apparatus - Organelle consisting of sacs and vesicles that processes, packages, and distributes molecules about or from the cell. b. Vesicles - c. Lysosomes - Membrane-bound vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for digesting macromolecules and bacteria; used to recycle worn-out - cellular organelles. 22. The Mitochondria a. Membrane-bound organelles in which ATP molecules areproduced during the process of cellular respiration. 23. Cytoskeleton a. Components: i. actin filament - Component of the cytoskeleton; plays a role in the movement of the cell and its organelles; a protein filament in a sarcomere of a muscle, its movement shortens the sarcomere, yielding muscle contraction. ii. intermediate filament - Ropelike assemblies of fibrous polypeptides in the cytoskeleton that provide support and strength to cells; so called because they are intermediate in size between actin filaments and microtubules iii. Microtubule - Small, cylindrical organelle composed of tubulin protein around an empty central core; present in the cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella iv. Centriole - Cell structure, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division. v. 24. Centrioles Cilia and Flagella--Specialized Organelles a. cilia(sing., cilium) - Short, hairlike projections from the plasma membrane, occurring usually in larger numbers. b. flagella(sing.,flagellum) - Long, slender extensions used for locomotion by some bacteria, protozoans, and sperm 25. Plant Cell

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