LITMUS MILK MEDIUM
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LITMUS MILK MEDIUM
PURPOSE:
Bacteria may be differentiated based on the variety of reactions in litmus milk, especially
species of the genus Clostridium.
The medium is also used to maintain cultures of lactic
acid bacteria.
PRINCIPLE:
Litmus milk is an undefined medium consisting of skim milk and azolitmin.
Skim milk
provides nutrients for growth, with lactose as the carbohydrate source and casein as the
primary protein source.
Azolitmin is a pH indicator that is pink at an acid pH (4.5) and
blue at an alkaline pH (8.3).
Between these extremes, it is purple.
(The medium is
formulated to an initial pH of 6.8, thus accounting for its purple color.)
Four basic categories of reaction may occur, either separately or in combination.
These are: lactose fermentation, reduction of litmus, casein hydrolysis, and casein
coagulation.
Lactose is a disaccharide which yields the monosaccharides glucose and galactose
when hydrolyzed by the enzyme ß-galactosidase.
Glucose may then be fermented to acid
end products, lowering the pH and turning the litmus a pink color.
This is an acid
reaction.
Accumulating acid may also cause precipitation of casein and form an acid clot.
If gas is produced, fissures may be visible in the clot.
Extreme gas production may break
the clot and produce stormy fermentation, which is typical of
Clostridium perfringens
.
Some bacteria have proteolytic enzymes such as rennin, pepsin or chymotrypsin
that digest casein and coagulate (curdle) the milk.
The insoluble rennet curd is soft and
retracts from the sides of the tube (unlike an acid clot) leaving behind a grayish fluid
called whey.
This reaction is a soft clot or soft curd.
Proteolysis of the curd occurs if
bacteria have the appropriate proteolytic enzymes to break the protein down into its
component amino acids.
Proteolysis is evidenced by clearing of the fluid.
Some bacteria grow in litmus milk but do not ferment the lactose.
Rather, they
partially digest the casein.
This releases NH3 which raises the pH and turns the litmus
blue.
This is an alkaline reaction.
Litmus may act as the electron acceptor during lactose fermentation.
Reduction
of litmus is evidenced by its conversion to a white color in the lower portion of the tube
(the anaerobic zone).
Be careful not to confuse accumulation of sediment with reduction
of litmus, which should turn all of the tube white except for the upper 2 cm.
Figure 1
Image from:
Rossbach, S. (n.d.). Litmus Milk Test. Retrieved from
http://homepages.wmich.edu/~rossbach/bios312/LabProcedures/Litmus%20Milk
%20Results.html
Figure 2
Image from:
Kibota, T. (n.d.). Litmus Milk. Retrieved from
http://web.clark.edu/tkibota/240/Unknowns/LitmusMilk.htm
Reference for this article:
Slone, J. (n.d.) Litmus Milk Medium. Unpublished work. Retrieved from
https://dcccd.blackboard.com/bbcswebdav/xid-11108127_1
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colored.
Interpretation: ()
Lactose Observed that the addition of the Benedict
reagent to the specimens, the test tube is
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Interpretation: (+)
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This material should not be duplicated nor
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