Bio 527

Bayesian updating can be a useful tool for thinking about the development of behavior. Imagine the following scenario with respect to an animal’s knowledge of the average density of food in patches in their environment. Which of the following is the most accurate interpretation of this Bayesian view of this animal? Their environment is much richer in food resources than expected Their confidence in their assessment of the state of the environment is greater after they go out and sample the world Their environment is less rich than expected – perhaps there is a drought that has caused a crash in food availability relative to historical conditions All of the above

What is the best description of the original Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model? Nis prey, P is predator. a is rate of consumption, f is conversion of prey to predator, and q is the mortality rate of the predator. dP rN - aNP= = faNP - qP dt dt Type 1 functional response with density-dependent prey and density- independent predator Type 1 functional response with density-independent prey and density- independent predator Type 1 functional response with density-dependent prey and density-dependent predator Type 1 functional response with density-independent prey and density- dependent predator

Note a particular animal behaviour at the Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa, (eg. chickens, cows, horses, sheep) on at least four (4) different occasions, taking note of the animal’s targeting (observed) behaviour, as well as any other competing or associated behaviours that may have an impact on that animal’s decision-making processes while under your observation. Your total observation time over the 4 periods must add up to at least 2 hours of data. Keep a log of these observations and also do a 1-page report attempting to describe the adaptive value of the behaviour that you observed. For clarification, the adaptive value is a measure of the evolutionary impacts of a behaviour, i.e. the ultimate function of a behaviour (what purpose it serves) in order to maximize fitness (survival and/or reproduction).  IMPORTANTShould include:1) Field notes2) 1-page report on adaptive value   Data gathering and note collection Ensure that notes are well organized and clear. A strong focus on the…

Note a particular animal behaviour at the Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa, (eg. chickens, cows, horses, sheep) on at least four (4) different occasions, taking note of the animal’s targeting (observed) behaviour, as well as any other competing or associated behaviours that may have an impact on that animal’s decision-making processes while under your observation. Your total observation time over the 4 periods must add up to at least 2 hours of data. Keep a log of these observations. Ensure that notes are well organized and clear. A strong focus on the adaptive value, while keeping track of other events and behaviours. Good record keeping of dates, times and conditions.

Please create a very detailed experiment regarding the following ultimate hypotheiss about meerkats behavior but withan assumption that there are unlimited resources.

One of the main objectives of BI308 is to learn to think scientifically about animal behaviour. I talked about the problems that arise when we tell fables or just-so stories about the things that animals do. Some of the tools and approaches behavioural ecologists use would seem to be designed to help us be scientifically rigorous in our conclusions. But are they perfect? Think about optimality modeling. Could it be misused, leading to the kind of unscientific stories we were hoping to avoid or other misconceptions? Explain your reasoning

.  Simulations 4-6 had lower density of birds (more spacing), how did this influence their ability to escape predation?  With more spacing, which number of Junco’s was most advantageous (4, 8, and 16)?  Ecologically explain this result.    If this flock of birds occurred in an area with low food availability what flock density would you predict? Explain how food availability impacts flock size/competition.       Was there a relationship between prop. Vigilance (proportion of birds looking up right before Hawk attack) and the rate at which they escaped predation?             Was there a relationship between Mean vigilance (average number of birds looking up each tick) and the rate at which the Junco’s the escaped predation? Was there a relationship between Mean vigilance and the number of birds in the flock?

Note a cow  animal behaviour at the Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa on at least four (4) different occasions, taking note of the animal’s targeting (observed) behaviour, as well as any other competing or associated behaviours that may have an impact on that animal’s decision-making processes while under your observation. Your total observation time over the 4 periods must add up to at least 2 hours of data. Keep a log of these observations. Ensure that notes are well organized and clear. A strong focus on the adaptive value, while keeping track of other events and behaviours. Good record keeping of dates, times and conditions.

Note a horse animal behaviour at the Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa on at least four (4) different occasions, taking note of the animal’s targeting (observed) behaviour, as well as any other competing or associated behaviours that may have an impact on that animal’s decision-making processes while under your observation. Your total observation time over the 4 periods must add up to at least 2 hours of data. Keep a log of these observations. Ensure that notes are well organized and clear. A strong focus on the adaptive value, while keeping track of other events and behaviours. Good record keeping of dates, times and conditions.

Systems Assessment Take a few moments and think about one clients with whom you have interacted in the last week with a language barrier to access resources. Using Bronfrennbrener’s Ecological Systems Theory: 1, Identify two to three examples for each system that may impact that client. 2, Identify one or two systems that are currently having the greatest impact on the client, and explain why.

5) According to the optimal foraging theory, which of the following is NOT one of the factors that influence the likelihood of a predator's selecting a prey type?   Question 5 options:     search time required to find alternative prey types     profitability of the prey type     handling time     energy content     probability of their own predation

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Please help??ASAP

During mating season, males of certain species will perform displays of aggression toward other males when approached while they are courting a female. This type of behavior is an example of     altruistic behavior     agonistic behavior     fixed action pattern     polygamous behavior     predatory behavior   The capacity to make changes in behavior on the basis of experience is known as     a fixed action.     learning.     habituation.     conditioning.   Which of the following statements is not true concerning the optimal foraging theory?      forager tries to maximize the energy gained     forager tries to minimize the energy expended     forager secures essential nutrients     forager tries to minimize the risk of getting eaten while gathering food     forager contributes to the growth of its population by gathering food

Thinking about the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model, what effect should an increase in searching efficiency (a) have on the maximum prey population? Increase Decreasė No change < Previnus V Finish

Optimal foraging theory can make predictions about an animal’s food choice. Which of the following is the most accurate statement about optimal diet breadth as resource quality, handling time and distribution changes? As handling time increases, animals should specialize As the distance between resources increases, animals should generalize As the energy content of the resources increases, animals should generalize As the distance between patches increases, animals should stay longer in a patch The following diagrams show four distribution patterns of resources. Each circle represents one unit of a resource, say, a food item. For which of these distributions would the Marginal Value Theorem be useful for making predictions about optimal foraging behavior. (Shown in image)

Interpret the patterns of following  2 graphs? The time taken on y axis are in seconds and 1 day = 60 sec

Sit and wait vs active foraging cost and benefit Write at least 3 cost and benefit for at least

Thinking Critically In what ways can members of the same population compete with one another? How might members of different populations compete? Contrast the results of these kinds of competition.

Quèstion 36 Which behavior is optimal for an organism using risk-sensitive foraging? decreased time feeding when the number of predators increases increased time spent searching for food at longer distances decreased feeding as the number of predators decreases feeding from a central supply of food or water

Please help me with this question within an hour?????

Briefly explain 3 adaptive responses that an organism might show to minimize the negative effects of competition. These responses might be regulatory, evolutionary, or anything else that is ecologically relevant.

Which of the following habitat cues is LEAST likely to factor into how the “landscape of fear and disgust” influences habitat choice? Presence of carcasses High density of conspecific excreta (poop!) Presence of vegetative cover Frequency of territorial singing from conspecific males Bayesian updating can be a useful tool for thinking about the development of behavior. Imagine the following scenario with respect to an animal’s knowledge of the average density of food in patches in their environment. Which of the following is the most accurate interpretation of this Bayesian view of this animal? (shown in image) Their environment is much richer in food resources than expected Their confidence in their assessment of the state of the environment is greater after they go out and sample the world Their environment is less rich than expected – perhaps there is a drought that has caused a crash in food availability relative to historical conditions All of the above

interpret the following graph: In the graph, the number of days are 18.. 1 day is equal to 60 sec. days are taken on x-axis. The mean foraging times are taken on y-axis.

There are three chief ideas of the handicap principle: 1) Animals communicate with éach other throughn sigi must be honest, and 3) honest signals are expensive. Stotting behavior (up and down jumps gazelles exhibit when they spot a predator before the gazelle runs away) often results in the predator leaving before it attacks, presumably because the predator knows it won't easily catch that gazelle. This clearly is an example of the handicap principle based on the three ideas. True False

A Gelada baboon gives a warning cry that a predator is approaching so other members of its population could run away. This behavior is an example of     innate behavior.     survival of the fittest.     altruistic behavior.     dominant hierarchical behavior.     imprinted behavior.     A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has red coloring. What term best applies to this behavior?     Fixed Action Pattern     habituation     imprinting     associative learning     problem solving   Which of the following is least related to the others?     fighting over a mate     territorial behavior     Dominance heirarchy     cognitive maps     agonistic behavior

Great white sharks prefer marine mammals like seals but can eat a number of other prey items, including birds and fish. According to the table below, what is the critical search time for seals, above which great white sharks should choose to eat an albatross if they encounter one? Prey item: seal (energy = 60 Mcals, handling time = 5 minutes) Prey item: albatross (energy = 10 Mcals, handling time = 2 minutes)

Cooperative behaviour is widely found among animals. Provide the following: 1) an example of cooperative behaviour between genetically related individuals 2) an example of cooperative behaviour between unrelated individuals. For each of the examples, also describe the mechanism(s) involved in maintaining cooperative behaviours during their interactions.

Which of the following is a conclusion you can make regarding Figure 17.11? aerial terrestrial recruitment 100 200 300 100 200 300 100 200 300 time (ms) 0. time (ms) time (ms) 300 200 time (ms) 100 100 100 300 300 200 time (ms) 200 time (ms) 0- 100 200 300 100 200 300 time (ms) time (ms) A predator type specific calls "alert" call "moving animal" call panic" call 2- 0- 300 100 200 time (ms) 100 200 300 100 200 300 time (ms) time (ms) B other calls Figure 17.11 Sonograms of meerkat alarm calls. A, Aerial refers to calls given when an aerial predator was sighted, and terrestrial refers to calls given when a terrestrial predator was sighted. Recruitment calls prompted feeding meerkats to mob together. B, Generic alarm calls. OLow urgency calls are very similar to medium urgency calls. Aerial calls are similar to terrestrial calls. High urgency recruitment call is the loudest. Each call is unique and conveys a specific message. 2. 2. 4. 2. high urgency (kHz) medium urgency (kHz) low…

The adaptive value is a measure of the evolutionary impacts of a behaviour, i.e. the ultimate function of a behaviour (what purpose it serves) in order to maximize fitness (survival and/or reproduction). Animal behaviour of a horse at a farm: Gentle swishing of tail to ward off insects, and occasional stomping of feet.   Describe the animal’s decision-making process concerning that behaviour.   Questions: • How much time/effort is spent on the focal behaviour relative to other behaviours (time allocated, intensity, etc.)? • Did the behaviour change under certain environmental contexts?   Discuss the adaptive value: • How does the focal behaviour impact fitness of the animal? • What are the costs/benefits of the behaviour under different environmental contexts? • Is the animal’s decision-making optimal with regards to costs/benefits? • Relate back to previous questions   Do a great job at describing how the behaviour impacts the fitness of the animal. Discuss competing factors, such as…